Rationality Of Islam - Islamic Seminary Publications

This text aims at giving an overview of the basic teachings of Islam. Subjects like role of religion, its need and impact on human life, a short history of the lives of the leaders of Islam and a basic guide to administration according to principles of Islam are presented and supported by extensive reference of verses of the Holy Qur’an and Ahadith.

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Acknowledgements

This book has been compiled and published in 1977 by the Islamic Seminary Publications, under the auspices of His Eminence Ayatullah Sayyid Abu’l Qasim al-Khu’i.
Extracts from the writings of the following revered scholars have been included in this book:

• Allama Shahid Murtadha Mutahhari

• Allama Muhammad Mahdi Al-Asifi

• Allama Makarem Shirazi

• Allama Ibrahim Amini

• Ayatullah Muhammad Baqir As-Sadr

Islamic Seminary Publications
Pakistan, 1977

Preface

In this short preface, we intend to draw the attention of the readers to a few important points:

1) We are Muslims, but is it enough for us to be Muslims and should we feel pride in it without knowing that Islam, more than anything else, stresses upon knowledge and action?

Islam means knowledge of a specific conception of the cosmos for the intellectual and moral reform of mankind, of a superbly calculated program put forth as a dynamic school of thought. It is knowledge of articles of belief and articles of action.

Unfortunately many people consider themselves to be Muslims simply because they were born in a Muslim family or in a Muslim country, or because it was Islam which came to their minds first and they accepted it. However, it is obvious that a true Muslim cannot be content with such things, because Islam is not a thing to be received in inheritance, nor is it a product of environments.

It is, therefore, necessary for a Muslim to have a true understanding of Islam, both of its articles of belief and articles of action so as to be able to give a convincing answer, howsoever brief and simple, to the following two questions:

- What is Islam and how is it a blessing to humanity?

- Why have you accepted Islam?

After learning the precepts and principles of Islam, it is equally necessary to apply them in one’s individual and social life.

2) The book “Rationality of Islam” aims at a comprehensive presentation of the basic teachings of Islam in a concise form. Subjects dealt with in lengthy chapters, in voluminous books, have sometimes been crammed into a few lines. Anyhow, an effort has been made to present facts in a simple diction and yet to preserve the rational spirit of the book.

3) It has also been our consistent effort that, in discussing doctrines and tenets of Islam, the relevant authority should always be quoted and nothing should be mentioned without a proof. As for articles of action, reference has been made, as far as possible, to their instructional and social philosophy, so that the reader may be encouraged to act according to them.

4) Though Qur’anic verses, sayings of the Holy Prophet (S) and Holy Imams (‘a) have been extensively quoted, yet their Arabic texts have been omitted for the sake of brevity and simplicity. Quotations from Western scholars have been cited in only the first few chapters.

It is hoped that this book will enlighten the minds of our conscientious young men and women, and will serve as an introduction to a wider study of Islam. It will induce them to recognize Islam as a great and creative school of thought, help them in shaping out their lives and preparing them for great sacrifices. It will most certainly inspire the young people to form a much better, healthier and happier society.

The Publishers
Islamic Seminary Publications
Pakistan

Chapter 1: Religion And Its Role In Human Life

To understand what religion is and what is its role in the life of men, we should first of all know its definition.

Religion may briefly be defined as under:

Religion (din) is an all-round movement in the light of faith in Allah and a sense of responsibility for the formation of thought and belief, for the promotion of high principles of human morality for the establishment of good relations among members of the society and the elimination of every sort of undue discrimination.

Keeping in view this definition, our need for religion and religious teachings is absolutely clear. To be a little more elaborate, it may be said that we require religion for the following reasons:

Sanction For The Principles Of Morality

Religion provides a sanction for the principles of morality like justice, honesty, righteousness, brotherhood, equality, virtuousness, tolerance, sacrifice, help to the needy and other kindred virtues. These are the virtues without which, not only our life will lose its order and normalcy but it is very likely to be turned into a chaos.

Of course, it is possible to acquire these moral and social qualities without the aid of religion. But certainly in the absence of firm religious belief, these values appear to lose their meaning and become a series of mere unbinding recommendations, because in such a case they do not amount to more than a piece of advice from a close friend in respect of which we are at full liberty to accept or reject.

These qualities are rather based on an internal feeling and faith and are naturally beyond the scope of ordinary law.

It is only faith in the existence of an Eternal Being, who knows man equally from within and without and who has full control over him, that cultivates these virtues within man and impels him to automatic righteousness and adherence to duty, and if need be, to make sacrifices for the sake of others.

The well-known philosopher-cum-historian, Will Durant says in his book, ‘Pleasures of Philosophy’ that, without the backing of religion, morality is nothing more than arithmomancy, as without it, the sense of obligation disappears.

Power To Endure Adversities Of Life

Religion provides power for facing adversities and serves as a bulwark against undesirable reactions of despair and hopelessness.

A religious man, with firm belief in Allah, and of His munificence, does not find himself in utter desperation even in the worst moments of his life, because he knows well hat e is under the protection of a Being who is Almighty. With faith in the fact that every problem can be solved and every deadlock can be resolved with His help, he can overcome every disappointment and hopelessness.

For this very reason, it very seldom happens that a truly religious man suffers from the acute reactions of desperation like suicide, nervous breakdown or psychic ailments which are products of frustration and defeatism. The Holy Qur’an says:

“Surely those who are close to Allah, have no fear nor shall they grieve.”(10:62).

Imam Ja’far as-Al-Sadiq (‘a) says: “A true believer can never commit suicide.”

Thus, religious faith is, on the one hand, a motivating force, and on the other, it is a factor which enables man to face hardships with courage and saves him from the ill effects of failure and disappointment.

Following the downfall of the Nazis, says Bertrand Russell says there existed a danger of intellectual and ideological revolt in Germany, but no doubt, religion has been one of the biggest factors in that country’s return to stability.

According to Dr. Durant, behavior of a man who is not blessed with reliance on religion suffers from special epicurean confusion, and the life which has not the comforting support of religion, is an unbearable burden.

Encounter With Ideological Vacuum

Man cannot live in an ideological vacuum for long and as such his tendency towards a wrong ideology and false values becomes definite. His intellectual life is not filled with sound beliefs and healthy teachings. A superstitious and even destructive idea may find way into his spiritual firmament and may forever pollute his brain.

Instances of man’s tendency towards idolatry, man worship, diverse superstitions and credulity regarding the influence of irrational things over destiny, can be witnessed even in the lives of world intellectuals. All this originates from spiritual vacuum. It is religion which can fill the ideological and intellectual vacuum with sound teachings and can save one from a tendency towards absurdities and irrationalities.

Hence, true understanding of religion can play an important role in combating superstitions, though it is true that even religion itself, if not understood correctly, may promote superstitions.

An Aid To The Progress Of Science And Knowledge

Religion with its firm and sound teachings can be an effective factor in scientific progress, because its foundation has been laid on the solid bed-rock of “freedom of will” and on the fact that everybody is accountable for his own deeds. The Holy Qur’an says:

“Everyone is entangled in the outcome of his deeds.”(74:38).

Faith in religion teaches that limitless knowledge is the source of this cosmos, which is like a very grand book penned by an erudite scholar. Every page of it, nay every line and every word of it, contains a glaring truth which stimulates us to further study and contemplation.

This attitude towards the cosmos undoubtedly stimulates persistent thinking over the mechanism of creation and consequently, helps in the advancement of science and knowledge.

In contrast, if we hold that this universe is the product of sheer mechanical factors having no intellect, there remains no plausible reason why we should make strenuous efforts to discover its secrets. In principle, a universe which is the outcome of the working of an unconscious machinery, can neither be well-designed nor mysterious.

Apart from giving a deadly blow to the advancement of science and knowledge, such conception of cosmos negates the very fact that man’s instinct is basically rooted in religion. Albert Einstein was very true when he pointed out why great thinkers and discoverers are all interested in religion.

He said that it was hard to find anyone among the great thinking brains of the world who might not have a sort of religious feeling peculiar to him. That feeling was different from the religion of the man in the street.

It has the form of a delightful wonder at the marvelously accurate system of the universe, which from time to time, unveils secrets in comparison with which all organized human thinking and research are rather weak and stale. This feeling illuminates the path of the life and efforts of a scientist and as he gains success and honor, it keeps him free from the deadweight of selfishness and pride.

What a belief in the system of the universe and what a fascinating desire it was, he adds, that enabled Kepler and Newton to suffer for years in isolation and in complete silence in order to simplify and explain the laws of gravitation and planetary motion! No doubt, it is this very religious feeling that enabled the self-sacrificing and self-effacing men through long centuries, in spite of their apparent defeats and failures, to rise on their feet again and make fresh efforts1.

The contemporary scientist, Abernethy, says that science for its own perfection should regard faith in God as one of its accepted principles. Thus a religious man, following the true teachings of religion, can more than anybody else, carry out research and discover the secrets of nature.

Fight Against Discrimination

Religion strongly opposes every discrimination based on color, race or class, because it regards all human beings as God’s creatures and every country as God’s country. According to it, all enjoy God’s love and kindness equally and as such, all are equal.

According to the teachings of Islam, no man can be superior to another man on the basis of his color, race, descent, language or class.

Islam recognizes only piety and knowledge as the touch-stones of superiority. Allah says:

“Man, we have created you from a male and a female, and we have divided you into nations and tribes, so that you may get to know one another. Surely the most honorable of you in the sight of Allah is he who is most pious.” (49:13).

Thus the role of religion in a world that has not yet been able even to solve the color problem, the question of class apart, is quite clear.

Anyhow, it cannot be denied that every kind of religious thought or belief cannot produce the de-sired results.

Like every other intellectual movement, religion also requires correct guidance. Otherwise it assumes the form of superstition, monasticism, escape from positive life and pseudo-agnostic negative tendencies, the examples of which can even now be seen in the West, where people have become fed up with a mechanical life. It is only in such an atmosphere that for want of correct knowledge, religion is regarded as an obstructive factor.

Roots Of Religious Sense

Man has been familiar with religion for such a long time that it covers the entire recorded history of human life and goes back into the depths of pre-historic times.

The Holy Qur’an has described religion as man’s innate nature and Allah’s established order. It says:

“Islam is in harmony with nature which Allah has designed for man.” (30:30).

Research carried out by sociologists and historians shows that places of worship, either in their simple or elaborate and complex form, have always had an influence on human life, and religion in its various shapes has been interwoven with its history.

Dr. Durant, after a comparatively detailed discussion of atheism of certain people writes that despite all that he has mentioned, these are exceptional cases, and the old notion that “religion” is a phenomenon that generally extends to all human beings, is true. The question of religion in the view of a philosopher is one of the basic questions of history and psychology.

He adds that, from time immemorial, religion has always gone hand in hand with human history. The idea of piety can never be removed from human heart2.

From a psychological point of view, this time honored relationship between man and religion proves that religious feeling is one of the basic human instincts natural elements of the human soul.

It is obvious, that at a time, when the level of human thinking was low and the sciences had not made any remarkable progress, this internal feeling was in an incredible way mixed with superstition, but gradually with the progress of sciences on the one hand, and persistent efforts and teachings of the prophets on the other, it was purified of adulterations and it regained its purity and originality.

Anti-Religious Waves During The Past Centuries

In these circumstances it looks a little surprising that during the past centuries, especially from 16th Century onward, a violent anti-religious wave has hit the Western countries and many of the liberal minded Europeans have dissociated themselves from the Church. Those who wanted to remain loyal to religion turned to some Eastern religions or to a sort of Gnosticism minus religion, while a large number of people were attracted by materialism and the like.

But an inquiry into the roots of this subject indicates that in the special circumstances prevailing Europe, this phenomenon was not unexpected.

Factors leading to anti-religious movements and tendency to materialism in Europe should be looked for in the perspective of the policy which the Church pursued with regard to the Renaissance and progress of natural sciences in various fields.

When the Church in the middle ages, especially during the 13th to 15th centuries started a campaign against science which continued even to the 16th and l7th centuries and attempted to crush scientific movements through Inquisition, issued a papal decree to condemn science dragged people like Galileo to persecution and forced them to deny the motion of the earth. It is obvious what the reaction of the scientists to such teachings could be.

They, being at the cross roads of sciences and religion (of course religion as it was understood at that time and in that environment), naturally went for science, the firm basis of which they had personally observed and tested.

Mistake in analogy and incorrect comparison of other religions to the special position of the Churches in the Middle Ages induced certain scientists to start a campaign against all religions and to reject them formally. They went to the extent of innovating a doctrine known as discord between religion and science’.

But the study of scientific movement in Islam, which started from the very first century and bore fruit in the second and third centuries of the Hegira era, shows that in Muslim society the case was quite different. This movement soon gave birth to the scientists like Hasan Ibn Haitham, the well-known Muslim Physicist, Jabir Ibn Hayyan, whom the Europeans call Father of Chemistry, and tens of others like them.

Their books exercised considerable influence over the Scientists like Roger Bacon, Johann Kepler and Leonardo da Vinci. It is interesting that all this scientific progress took place in the middle ages and coincided with the Church’s violent opposition to the Renaissance and the standard-bearers of the new scientific movement.

All historians in the East and the West, who have dealt with Islamic culture, are unanimously of the view that it gave rise to a wide-spread scientific movement whose influence over the Renaissance and the scientific movement of Europe was remarkable.

Thus the factors which induced the liberal-minded in the West to dissociate themselves from religion, did not exist in the case of Islam. On the contrary, there were factors which worked in the opposite direction.

In short Islamic movement had a special connection with World scientific movements, and for this very reason was the fountain-head of the vast development of sciences and knowledge.

However it cannot be denied that disputes and dissensions among a section of Muslim people which in intensity from the fifth century (Hijra) onward, short-sightedness, non-realization of true teachings of Islam, apathy to progress and indifference to the spirit of the time, resulted in the backwardness of many Muslim countries.

Another factor which complicated the problem was that Islam in the real sense was not introduced to the younger generation. Thus the constructive role of Islam in various fields gradually diminished. Now the position is that many young men think that Islam has always been in this present dismal state.

Anyhow, it is certain that with the revival of Islamic teachings and their correct introduction, especially to the younger generation, it is still possible to revive the spirit of early Islamic movement.

Religion And Philosophical Schools Of Thought

All forms of religion censure every kind of materialism, whether it be in its simple shape or in the garb of dialectic materialism, which forms the basis of Marxism and Communism, because materialism maintains that this, universe is merely a set of undesigned and aimless happenings.

Religion, in censuring materialism, relies on a number of principles which are absolutely logical, because:

The interpretation of the order of the universe advanced by materialistic schools is unscientific, for science in the course of its research, talks of well calculated and precise systems, which cannot be interpreted by accidental and chance happenings.

Science acknowledges that the maker of this machine of the universe is the greatest physicist and chemist, most expert physician and the best anthropologist and cosmologist, because while performing his job, he visualized all scientific laws. Naturally he could not do so without having complete knowledge of them. It goes without saying that natural factors and natural developments can have no such knowledge at all.

Materialism has accepted the doctrine of compulsion as one of its basic principles. It holds that every human action and every movement is the result of a sequence of compulsory causes. On, this basis, according to the materialistic point of view, all the efforts of man are like the movements of the wheels of a machine. It is obvious that the acceptance of this view goes against the idea of every social, moral or human responsibility.

In contrast, religion accepts the principle of obligation and responsibility and thus lays the foundation of its teachings on the freedom of human will.

It cannot be contradicted that the acceptance of the principle of compulsion gives a hard blow to dynamism and the sense of duty and responsibility. It also directly contributes to the expansion of crimes and aggressions, because the offenders can plead that they are not responsible for the crimes committed by them, for they were forced by the compulsion of environment, time and the way they were brought up. But there is no possibility of such evil effects if the principle of free will is accepted.

With the acceptance of the domination of matter over all affairs of human life and the restriction of value only to the material values, the materialists have practically ousted moral values. They hold, that only material interests prevail over all social and international interests. The effect of this way of thinking is obvious for without adherence to such principles as philanthropy, tolerance, sacrifice, sincerity and love; no problems at world level can be solved. Belief in exclusive domination of matter obviously not compatible with these principles.

Religion And Individual Freedom

Some people think that religion restricts individual freedom and disallows the fulfillment of some desires, whereas, in fact, the aim of religious teaching is not at all to put an end to logical freedom. Its aim is only to stop wastage of human energies and assets and to prevent their flow into improper and worthless channels.

For example, if religion forbids the use of intoxicants, gambling and improper indulgence in sex, does so for the safety of the body and soul of the individual and for the maintenance of social order.

This moral control is in keeping with the real spirit of freedom, for freedom means only that man should be able to take full advantage of the assets of existence to help in the evolution of the individual and the society. It does not at all mean squandering God-given energies and indulging in immoderation and libertinism.

Religion supports every kind of freedom that carries man forward towards evolution in various fields. Only this is what freedom, in the real sense, means. Anything else is libertinism.

That is why religion allows man to use all good things in life, to wear any reasonable dress, to relish any good food and to take part in any healthy pastime. In short, it has allowed the use of all comforts and conveniences of life, and does not ask anyone to give up any such things. The Holy Qur’an says: “Say: Who has forbidden the beautiful things of Allah which He has produced for His servants and the pure food?”

Moreover, our religion calls upon us never to forget the exigencies and requirements of time and to keep ourselves well-informed about the latest developments in medicine, technology and industry.

The leader of Islam, Imam Al-Sadiq (‘a) has said: “He who knows his time and its requirements, shall not be taken unaware by the dark events of life.”

Our religion tells us that out of the new ideas, customs and usages we should choose what is useful and worthy and should discard what is improper and wrong. We must not follow others blindly and must not adopt anything that is not compatible with human dignity and the spirit of independent thinking. The Holy Qur’an says:

“Give glad tidings to my servants who listen to what is said and follow the best thereof. They are those whom Allah has guided and those who have good sense.”(39:17-18).

1. The World as I See It, Albert Einstein.

2. History of Civilization vol. 1, pp. 88- 89.

Chapter 2: Belief In Allah

It is worth emphasizing that among human thinkers there exists no difference of opinion on the point that this universe has a self-sustaining First Cause. At the most, materialists call it matter, while the religious philosophers call it Allah.

It is essential to acknowledge the existence of the First Cause, for a sequence of causes and effects cannot go on indefinitely and we must reach a point where we should come to a cause which is not the effect of any other cause, i. e. the ultimate cause or the Unmoved Mover, which is self-existing and which has always been and shall always be.

It is this Self-Sustaining First Cause which not only makes our intellectual life possible but also quite meaningful. Suppose for a moment that there is no such First Cause. Where does this lead us? Surely this cause and effect pursuit lands us in what is known in Philosophy as a continuum ad infinitum. This brings our investigation to a blind alley.

It marks the beginning of intellectual wilderness, a wild goose chase. You go on piling cause upon cause and effect upon effect only to find still another cause and effect staring you in the face. Of what earthly use is it to put zero after zero when the result is zero or to place nil after nil when the result is nil? Such is the deception of a certain mental activity and such is its misguidance.

It will thus be seen that the only way to get out of this mire is the acknowledgement of the Self- Sustaining First Cause.

Belief in the existence of an Eternal and First Cause is the common ground between the believers in God and the materialists. The only controversial point is whether the First Cause has knowledge and intellect or not. That is the real point of difference.

The materialists deny that the First Cause has any intellect. They hold that the first cause is matter, which lacks any intellect or knowledge; whereas the believers in God maintain that the First Source of the universe has limitless knowledge, wisdom and rationality.

How To Recognize God

a) The Universe

Now let us cast an eye on the various phenomena of the universe to find out which one supports which of these two theories and to see whether the things existing in the universe indicate that the First Cause has intellect.

It will be better to begin with our own body. Does not the construction of the human eye and the way the lenses, retina and various layers of it have been fixed, testify that its maker is fully conversant with the physical laws concerning the reflection of light and the working of lenses and mirrors ?

Does not the composition of human blood of plasma and various types of corpuscles with such a fixed proportion that the slightest change in it disturbs the whole biological system, clearly show that the maker of the blood knew the chemical composition and properties of all the ingredients of blood fully well?

Does not the construction of the living human, animal and plant cells in such a complex and mysterious and at the same time elegant and accurate way manifest that the job has been performed by a Being who had full knowledge of all the laws connected with the human, animal and plant physiology?

Does not the special construction of the solar system and the particular proportion between the size, distance and speed of each planet of this system prove that the maker of this machine is fully aware of all the details of the law of gravitation and the effects of the rotatory motion in producing centrifugal forces?

In short, the special construction of all that exists in the universe from the smallest particles or sub atoms to the biggest galaxies and the accurate and wonderfully arranged systems of their working bear witness to the fact that the First source has full knowledge of all the connected laws and systems.

In principle all human sciences are nothing more than a partial knowledge of a minute part of the secrets and laws of the universe.

How can it ever be that we, with such a partial knowledge, should become scholars and scientists but the First Source who brought the whole universe into existence should have no knowledge and intellect? Transplantation of a human heart by Dr. Bernard r required millions of scientists for thousands of years to put in their efforts for the development of medicine and surgery. Is it conceivable that the very maker of the heart should have no knowledge?

In short, the interpretation of creation of all the well-calculated and well-conceived systems, as chance events and product of unplanned and aimless causes is as illogical as to say that the transplantation of heart performed by Dr. Bernard and his team was not the result of any knowledge and study, and it was just by chance that grafting took place.

Such an interpretation is totally unacceptable. But to say that the entire universe has come into existence just by chance is far more illogical. Hence the materialistic interpretation of the genesis of the universe and all that exists in it is totally unscientific.

Thus, every book of our natural sciences like physics, chemistry, physiology, anatomy, medicine, surgery etc. may be used as book of natural theology, for all these books discuss the secrets and laws of the marvelous systems of creation, whose logical and correct interpretation is not possible without acknowledging the existence of God.

This very line of argument has been mostly followed by the Holy Qur’an while adducing arguments for the unity of Allah.

As Kepler, the famous scientist and founder of modern Astronomy has said, “The more we know about the creation and grandeur of heavenly bodies, the deeper should be our faith.”

Thus there exists a close relationship between the progress of sciences and the firmness of faith in God. The more the scientific knowledge expands, the firmer will the faith grow in the One Source of knowledge and power.

Mr. McCombs, a biologist, who has been the head of the Academy of Sciences, Florida, says that every new discovery in the world of science increases the firmness of our faith hundreds of times, dispels the hidden doubts which more or less lurk inside our hearts, and replaces them with the nobler ideas of the acknowledgement of God and His unity.

b) Motion, Evolution And Life

Science of Physics tells us that if the lifeless matter is static, it tends to remain static unless it is moved by some external force, and if it is in motion it continues to move unless it is stopped by some external factor.

Yet another scientific law tells us that the matter forming the universe tends to disintegrate and assume simpler form with the passage of time. Mechanized matter changes into simpler matter; atoms if they remain as they are, automatically disintegrate; bright stars tend to lose their brightness.

Thus within the lifeless matter there exists no factor which may push it forward to evolution. On the other hand, it tends to disintegrate automatically.

In such circumstances, it must be admitted that evolution and life have come from outside, for, within the matter, there exists no such tendency.

A philosopher says that you cannot think of that attraction to life which pervades from simple amoeba to human beings (like Einstein, Edison and Anatole France) without seeing the world in a divine garb. In other words it is not possible to interpret attraction to life and inclination to evolution except through a belief in God. 1

In other words, it is not possible to interpret attraction to life and inclination to evolution except through belief in Allah, the Almighty.

c) Transience Of The Universe

Science tells us that in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics, all the energy available in the world is proceeding towards uniformity and neutrality, and a day will come when it, having become uniform, will be neutralized.

And then a state of indifference will prevail in the whole world. This is just like the case of interconnected vessels of the liquid, we observe motion, but this state does not continue forever. Sooner or later all the levels become uniform and everything becomes motionless and quiet.

According to this law, the universe must have a history. It cannot be eternal. Had it always existed, it would have become uniform and neutral long, long ago.

On this ground, we must admit that this material world has not always existed. It is not eternal and must have a history.

Now the big question is what the origin of the universe is. What event disturbed the first day tranquility and became the source of the creation of all the phenomena? The first explosion or the Big Bang? Then what was the source of the explosion of the uniform atoms of primary matter? How is it possible that in a state of complete tranquility and indifference such an explosion should occur automatically?

Here it must be admitted that some outside factor was the source of the disturbance of the first indifference, emergence of a wave in the uniform of lifeless matter and the subsequent creation of the diverse phenomena of the world. We call this supernatural factor, Allah.

The above mentioned three ways of proving the existence of Allah are the subject of detailed books compiled by philosophers of divinity. We have given only a brief summary.

The Qur’an And Acknowledgement Of Allah

It is interesting that in our sacred book, the Holy Qur’an, a large number of whose verses are meant to strengthen the belief in Allah, reliance has invariably been put on scientific arguments.

The Holy Qur’an in most of its verses concerning the unity of Allah refers to the first method, i. e. the study of the system of the universe. It calls upon all to study this marvelous system. Sometimes it refers to the secrets of the creation of the heavens. It says:

“In the creation of the heavens and the earth, and in the alteration of night and day, there are many signs for the people of good sense.”(3:189).

Sometimes it refers to other methods. It cites the Champion of Unity, Prophet Abraham (‘a) as saying:

“My Lord is He who causes life and who causes death.”(2:258).

Here reference has been made to life and death for they definitely indicate the existence of the Creator. This is the second way of proving the existence of Allah as mentioned earlier. In the Holy Qur’an there are hundreds of verses on the subject of divine unity and acknowledgement of Allah, in which attention has been drawn to the marvels of creation and grandeur of the universe. Study of these verses can be the subject of an independent book, in which wonders of science and secrets of the Holy Qur’an can be discussed side by side.

Atheism Does Not Exist

In view of the scientific arguments mentioned above to prove the existence of Allah, it may be asked why most of the scientists and founders of physical sciences still adhere to atheism. The answer to this question is simple. There is hardly any scientist who does not explicitly or implicitly profess the existence of the First Cause or the Source of Knowledge and Power.

It does not make any difference if he does use the word, God or Allah. In the words of a well-known philosopher there exists no atheism. Everybody thinks of Him and acknowledges Him in his own way.2

If anybody, in the course of discussion on heart, states that Nature has put up a septum between the right and left chambers of the heart so that the pure and the impure blood may not be mixed, does it not mean that he concedes that Nature has aim, intention, program and intellect? In this case is it possible to say that by Nature he means factors lacking consciousness? Obviously he means Allah though he uses the word, Nature.

Such expressions which are an evidence of faith in the existence of a First Cause are found in the discourses of most scientists. That shows that they all hold that Nature has aim, will, intention and program. Evidently by the word ‘Nature’ they do not mean factors having no consciousness or will. Hence, obviously they use this word as a name for Allah.

Attributes Of Allah

It is not surprising that it is easy to prove the existence of Allah, but it is difficult fully to understand His real Being and His attributes. First of all we must know that Allah is Ever-existing and Limitless.

He is limitless in respect of knowledge, power, time and space, whereas our knowledge and power, howsoever vast they may be, are still limited and have an end. As such, how can a limited being completely grasp the very essence of an Unlimited Being? It is not possible for a chick which has grown inside the shell of an egg to know what happens inside the limitless space of the far-off galaxies.

But that does not mean that we cannot understand the attributes of Allah to the extent of our powers of thinking, knowing and understanding.

From the study of the phenomena of the universe we can find out that He is:

All-Knowing and All-wise: This is evidenced by the extra-ordinarily marvelous diversity of life and all that exists on the earth and in the heavens.

Ever-living: Life in the real sense is nothing but a combination of knowledge and power. Allah is All-knowing and All-powerful. Hence He is All-living.

For the same reason, He has will and comprehension also. He sees everything and hears every sound and every voice. He is All-pervading and All-aware. He is Eternal and Ever-existing. He has always existed and shall always exist.

These are some of His attributes, known as Positive Attributes, for they have positive aspects. There are Negative Attributes also, which have a negative aspect.

Being Limitless and Perfect in every sense, He is free from ignorance, inability, need and defect.

He can have no associate and none can be like Him. It is not possible to imagine the existence of two beings, limitless in every respect, for each of them will be lacking in the essence of the other

From this it is also evident that Allah has no physical body, for all bodies sooner or later disintegrate. As such, an ever existing Being cannot have a body, which is liable to disintegration, decomposition and every sort of change.

1. Divine Unity

Divine unity is the Infrastructure of all religious Teachings. The question of divine unity has supreme importance in Islam. In one way or the other it forms a part of all Islamic tenets and teachings. Islam rejects every kind of polytheism, dualism and trinity. According to it, Allah is one. He has no components and none is like Him. This stage is known as Unity of Being.

2. Unity Of Attributes

A number of qualities like knowledge, power, eternity and ever-existence are attributed to Allah. They all are the very essence of His Being and are in no way separate from Him. He is a Limitless Being and a limitless being can be nothing but a Reality. All His attributes turn to one attribute, viz. limitlessness. This stage is called Unity of Attributes.

3. Unity Of Worship

Further, according to the teachings of Islam, only Allah is Adorable. Islam does not allow in any form the worship of anyone or anything else. Neither the sun or the stars nor any human being is adorable, because all things have been created by Him and He has sovereign control over all of them. Hence only He is adorable. This stage is called Unity of Worship.

4. Unity Of Action

A careful study of all that happens in the world will show that Allah is the Creator and the real source of all power. If we accomplish any job, it is He who provides the necessary power. In view of this, it may be said that all our actions are accomplished with His help. Nobody has power independent of His power. Absolute and independent power pertains only to him. This is called Unity of Actions.

Anyhow, this should not be misconstrued to mean that we have no free will or responsibility. He himself has bestowed freedom on us. He wants us freely to choose our way to better life in this world and hereafter. He has done us a favor and put at our disposal all the necessary means to reach this goal.

Our freedom is a gift from Him and because we have free will we are held responsible for our actions.

5. Man And Freedom Of Will

Let us discuss the subject of free will a little further.

We can dearly see that we are not predestined in our actions. We have liberty of action and freedom of will. A simple proof of human volition is that we blame the offenders for their offences. We lodge complaints with the courts against transgressors and ask for their trial and punishment.

Even those who claim to believe in predestination take the action in their practical life. If man has no free will and every- thing is appointed and foreordained by Allah or if man is really helpless in the face of his physical or spiritual up-bringing and environment, then prosecution trial, courts and punishment have no meaning.

Neither a good and dutiful worker deserves any appreciation nor is an evil-doer liable to any prosecution and punishment, because both of them are helpless in their action. Prosecution of a person who has no choice of action is far from justice. The way we and all reasonable persons behave in our daily life testifies that our conscience recognizes that man possesses freedom of will. Hence belief in predestination has no basis3.

Allah has granted us freedom, but it is our duty not to misuse it and to direct all our energies to the achievement of our own happiness as well as that of society.

We are neither allowed to follow any false ideas or doctrines nor to take any incorrect action in the name of freedom of thought or freedom of action, for that will amount to chaos and anarchy, and not freedom.

1. Pleasures Of Philosophy, Will Durant.

2. For details, please refer to: “The Evidence of God In An Expanding Universe”, Forty American Scientists Declare Their Affirmative Views on Religion, 1958.

3. See Mand and His Destiny, Murtadha Mutahhari, 1983: Online at: https://www.al-islam.org/man-and-his-destiny-murtadha-mutahhari [7]

Chapter 3: Towards Eternal Life

Death

Death means separation of soul from the body; Islam tells us that man is not annihilated as the result of death. He is only transferred from one world to another, where he begins a new life. The Holy Prophet (S) has said: “You have not been created for annihilation. You have been created for everlasting life. The only thing is that you are moved from one world to another.” 1

According to Islam, separation of soul from the body does not take place in a uniform manner in the case of all individuals. “The souls of the sinners and of those who are too much attached to this world are separated with violence and force, but the souls of the virtuous and those who love Allah and are in communion with the next world are separated with ease and gentleness”2.

The Hereafter

All prophets and sacred books unanimously agree that with death human life does not come to an end, and after this world, there exists another world where human beings will be rewarded or punished according to their deeds.

The virtuous will lead a happy and pleasant life, and the evil-doers will be punished and tormented. Belief in resurrection and the next world is one of the fundamentals of all religions and a believer in prophets has to believe in resurrection, too.

The idea that with death everything comes to an end and man is completely annihilated is not only appalling but appears to be odd and illogical also. Especially after the acceptance of the doctrine of divine unity and acknowledgement of the existence of Allah, it is totally incomprehensible.

It is unbelievable that the aim of all the complex laws of evolution is simply to first transform a simple and invaluable being into a highly developed intellectual being like Avicenna (Ibn-Sina) or Einstein and then to annihilate him altogether.

It does not stand to reason that annihilation should be the fate of the entire human race and its culture. Such a theory is incredible, unreasonable and incompatible with the knowledge, wisdom and skill of the Creator. This looks as if a vainglorious person builds a carefully designed and well-executed magnificent workshop or factory and then blows it into pieces.

Will it not be more logical if we admit that life continues in another form after death and the process of evolution does not come to an end? Here we can give a beautiful example. Our life in this world is like that of a fetus which after passing through several evolutionary stages, is transferred to a wider and more perfect environment of which it could not even have imagined (if it had any power of imagination).

Had human life been limited to a fetus period and every fetus died immediately after birth. Would such a life not have been illogical and unreasonable? It would be more logical if human life in this world after passing through intricate and difficult routes of physical, intellectual and moral evolution is a prelude to the beginning of a higher and wider life in the next world. The life of that world should bear the same relation to the life of this world as the life of this world to the fetal life.

That is why all those who believe in Allah also believe that with death man is not annihilated, but is transferred to another world whose full details and characteristics are beyond our comprehension, for we are confined to the four walls of this world. Anyhow; we know this much that leaving this world does not mean the end of life and that another world does exist.

Study of the laws of the Universe, of the forces which push man forward along the path of evolution and of the systematic grandeur of this world convincingly testify to this truth. The Holy Qur’an says:

“Did you think that we had made you in vain and that you were not going to return to us?” (23:114).

It also says:

“And surely you have known the first evolution then why do you not mind?” (56:62).

In other words, it says you have seen the life of this world, then why do you not conclude that there is another world also, for the study of this world and the laws concerning the evolution of human life here show that there is another world where the process of evolution will continue.

Scientific Laws And Resurrection

It is remarkable that Science with its modern discoveries has taken a long step forward towards proving the possibility of resurrection and life hereafter, and with the enunciation of the doctrine of the imperishability of matter and energy, the resurrection which previously appeared to be impossible, has now become logical and comprehensible.

The doctrine of the imperishability of matter which was first discovered by Lavoisier has rendered the question of complete annihilation totally unscientific. According to it, the particles of man, howsoever, decomposed and scattered they may become, still exist in this very world, and it is possible that one day they are recollected.

This is the first step forward towards the possibility of the resurrection of man and his return to life after death.

This doctrine was further reinforced by the discovery of radio-active bodies by Marie Curie. Her discovery confirmed that not only matter but energy is also everlasting and that there is no duality between matter and energy, for they are convertible with each other.

On this basis, we should admit that our ideas, our deeds and all our movements which are all produced by the transformation of our various bodily energies, continue to exist in this world.

Our vocal waves are not obliterated and their traces always exist in the air and the objects which surround us. Only their form is changed. The same is the case with all our works and deeds.

This is another step forward towards the possibility of resurrection and even physically seeing the deeds themselves.

Anyhow, with the progress of science the question of resurrection is no longer as complicated as once it was. Now it is comprehensible and from a scientific stand-point fully admissible.

Faith In Resurrection And Human Development

Faith in resurrection besides logically interpreting and revolving the puzzle of life and death and besides being a truth which must be accepted, produces diverse effects on human life, the most important of them being the following two:

1. The picture of death which had always been appalling and the thought of which had always disturbed the peace of mind has undergone a complete change. With the acknowledgement of resurrection and “life after death” in a world where all the gifts of life will exist eternally and on a higher and bigger scale the picture of death is no longer as dreadful and appalling as it was, and the scenes of death and old age no longer disturb the peace of mind.

The unrest and anxiety caused by the thought of death is not as painful to us as to the materialists, and thus we can lead a more comfortable and satisfied life.

The believers in life hereafter welcome sacrifice and martyrdom for a sacred cause, for they regard them as a prelude to a new life in a higher and wider world.

2. The realization that human thought and deeds continue to exist, that they after going through a process of development and growth come back in a magnified form in the next world, that all good and bad deeds are to be minutely accounted for and that one has to receive reward or punishment, as the case may be, certainly exerts a healthy effect on human conduct and behavior. Thus the belief in the next world creates a favorable atmosphere for the promotion of good deeds and keeping the out- burst of passions under a check.

Independent Existence And Immortality Of The Soul

Though the materialists try to describe thought, understanding and other psychological phenomena as the physical and chemical properties of brain and nervous system and hence proclaim them to be material, yet the inadequacy of their interpretation clearly indicates the independent existence and non-material nature of soul, because in spiritual phenomena like thinking, imagination and memory, we find characteristics which are not the general properties of matter.3

We can embody in our minds huge planets, galaxies and solar systems or mountains, deserts and large rivers, though in their external existence they are so enormous. Obviously, in such cases, a huge picture, even as large as the heaven and earth is drawn in our minds and we feel the existence of the mental picture within ourselves.

Now the question is where is the location of this picture? Certainly, it cannot be located in our brain cells, because our mental pictures may be millions of times larger than our brain. Can you ever, on paper, draw a map of Japan to the actual and physical scale of that country? Certainly not.

Hence, we must believe in the existence of meta-physical forces to be able to interpret this phenomenon without being confronted with the dilemma of correspondence of a big object to a small object.

One of the general properties of matter is constant change, transformation and disintegration with the passage of time, whereas, our mental picture, remain firm and stable and do not undergo a change.

For example, I saw a young friend of mine some years ago at a meeting. If I recollect that meeting even after fifty years, the same mental picture, which is still firm in my memory, will reappear without, the slightest change. This shows that mental pictures remain stable and are not affected by general properties of matter, and hence they cannot be material.

Non-correspondence of a large object with a small object and un-changeability of mental pictures are two out of many arguments advanced by the philosophers to prove the independent existence of human soul or spirit. There are other arguments also, for which a reference may be made to the books of philosophy.

From the above, it may be concluded that soul and spiritual phenomena do not have general properties of matter, they do not come to an end with physical death, and continue to exist even after having separated from the body. This clearly indicates the possibility of resurrection after death.

Barzakh (Purgatory)

Life hereafter and resurrection after death are proved by reason, but reason cannot guide us as to the nature and character of the next life. For that we have to refer to the sayings of the prophets and religious leaders (Imams). The Holy Qur’an and the traditions of the Holy Prophet (S) tell us that there exists a world named Barzakh where the dead will be kept till the Day of Judgment and general resurrection. It is an intermediate stage between this world and the next.

When a man dies, he comes first to this world, where he passes a special kind of spiritual life. At the start of this life which begins from the grave, a brief interrogation is carried out, and the beliefs and acts of the individual are checked. If his beliefs are found in order of his acts and deeds good, a door of paradise is opened to him and he stays on the way leading to paradise, where he enjoys heavenly blessings.

There he waits for the Day of Judgment and final attainment of eternal favors. On the other hand, if he is found wicked and his beliefs false, he is placed on the way leading to hell and the door of hell is opened in his face. There he leads a bitter and unpleasant life. He is tormented and remains in constant fear of the Day of Judgment and severe punishment.

Allah says in the Holy Qur’an:

“And do not say of those who are slain in the way of Allah that they are dead. In fact, they are alive, but you do not perceive that life.”(2:154).

“Do not regard as dead those who have been slain in the way of Allah; nay they are really alive and are well-provided by their Lord.”(3:169).

The Holy Prophet (S) said: “The grave is the first stage of the next life. If one is saved from its rigors, the next stages are easy. If one is not saved, then what follows is not easier.”

Imam ‘Ali Ibn Husayn (‘a) said: “The grave is either a garden out of the gardens of paradise or a pit out of the pits of hell.”

General Resurrection

The Holy Qur’an and the traditions of the Holy Prophet (S) and the Imams (‘a) describe resurrection as under:

The sun and the moon will become dark and lightless. The mountains will be cleaved and torn as under. The planets will collide with each other. The rivers will become dry and will be ablaze. The heaven and earth will be deformed. At that time all the dead will be raised. They will be assembled for giving account of their deeds.

Allah has the record of all acts and deeds of the people. Nothing has been left out or missed. On the Day of Judgment the veil will be lifted from the eyes of the people and they will be able to see their deeds with their eyes physically. Then the process of accountability will begin.

Everything will be checked most carefully and minutely. The infidels and the unpardonable sinners will be sent to hell. The sinners who will be eligible for pardon. having already undergone a part of punishment during their stay in the Purgatory, will be pardoned as a result of an intercession by the prophets and the Imams. They will eventually be sent to paradise.

The accountability process in respect of the good and virtuous will be completed speedily and with ease. But the infidels and many sinners will have a rough time. Even the minutest details of their conduct will be checked and they will be asked to explain all their acts. This will take a long time, and they will pass through various stages of accountability in great discomfort and anguish.

Paradise

Paradise is the place where the good and the virtuous will be sent. There exist all means of comfort, ease and happiness and all that one may enjoy. Everything which one wishes will be available there. The Holy Qur’an says:

“There shall be what the soul desires and what delights the eye.”(43:71).

The blessings of Paradise are higher and better than those of this world. None has heard of nor seen anything like them. There will be no discomfort there. He who enters paradise will have eternal life and will stay there forever.

Paradise has various divisions, and everyone will be accommodated in them according to the degree of his good deeds and virtues.

Hell

Hell is the place where infidels and the wicked will be kept, and there they will be punished, tormented and subjected to most severe pain. The punishment meted out in hell will be indescribably harsh and severe. The fire in the hell not only burns the body, but it also burns the heart and soul. It erupts from within and inflames the very existence of the individual. The Holy Qur’an says:

“The fire of Allah that has been lighted, rises over the hearts” (104:6).

Those who will be consigned to hell will be divided into two groups:

The first group will consist of unbelievers who do not acknowledge Allah. They will forever be tormented in hell and will have no escape.

The second group will consist of those who acknowledge Allah, but their faith being weak, they commit sins and thus become liable to punishment. They will be kept in hell temporarily. After they have been purged of the darkness of the sins, they, through the direct mercy of Allah or intercession of the Prophet, will be forgiven and sent to paradise.

Hell, also has various divisions where various types of chastisements have been provided for. Everybody will be placed in the class which he deserves according to the varying degree of his sins and will be suitably punished.

Intercession

According to a hadith of the Holy Prophet (S), there are three classes of people who will be allowed to intercede with Allah on the Day of Judgement. They are: the Prophets, the martyrs, and the scholars called Ulama’.4

In the above tradition the Imams have not been mentioned expressly, but as the report comes down from our Imams, it is obvious that the term “Ulama’” stands for the true divines, who par excellence include the Imams of the Ahl Al-Bayt themselves.

The principle of intercession has been mentioned in the Holy Qur’an and the traditions of the Holy Prophet (S) and the Imams (‘a). Hence, in principle, intercession is undeniable. On the whole the traditions show that the Holy Prophet (S) and the Imams (‘a) will intercede on behalf of some sinner.

They will say: “O Allah: Though this person is a sinner and deserves punishment, yet for the sake of the certain quality which he possesses because you are All-forgiving and for the sake of that consideration you have for us. We beseech you to ignore his misdeeds and show mercy to him.” Their request will be acceded to and Allah will forgive the sinner and will bestow his favor on him.

Though in view of the Qur’anic passages and traditions, the principle of intercession is undeniable, a few points must be borne in mind:

No interceder will intercede without prior permission of Allah.

Intercession will take place only on the Day of Judgment and after the process of accountability is completed and all deed sheets have been checked. Interceders will ask for mercy only. There will be no intercession so long as a person is in ‘ barzakh ‘ where sinners must undergo punishment according to their sins. Though it is possible that there also on the recommendation of the Prophet or an Imam, punishment is reduced or commuted, but that is not what is meant by intercession,

The interceders (Imams) themselves have said: “Be careful to come on the Day of Judgment in the form of a man so that we may intercede on your behalf.” This shows that if sins and beastly acts of a person are so heinous that he comes on the Day of Judgment in the shape of a beast, he is not eligible to intercession. In any case, eligibility is the essential condition.

The interceders have said that their intercession will not include certain sins like not offering prescribed prayers.

In view of the above, one must not commit sins in the hope of intercession. That will only amount to taking poison and relying on the aid of physicians and medicines. Such a person is certainly liable to perish.

Penitence

The passages of the Holy Qur’an and the traditions of the infallible Imams tell us that if a sinner before his death repents and feels penitence about his misdeeds; his sins are forgiven without further questioning5. Hence the door of penitence is open to all sinners and one need not despair, for true penitence wipes all sins. But it is not enough to repeat any formula of penitence or just to shed a tear. True penitence has certain conditions to which ‘Ali Ibn Abi Talib (Peace be on him) has referred. He has said: “Penitence has six conditions. One must:

• Really and sincerely repent his past misdeeds.

• Be determined not to commit any sin in future.

• Discharge all the rights which belong to others.

• Fulfill all neglected obligatory acts.

• Melt through self-mortification all the flesh that has grown on his body through the use of unlawful foods.

• Bear the bitterness of acts of worship in the same way as he had tasted the pleasure of sin. Only then, he should utter the formula of penitence.”

1. Bihar al-Anwar, Vol 7, p. 249.

2. Bihar al-Anwar, Vol 6, p. 145.

3. For details, please refer to “Falsafatuna”, by Ayatullah Muhammad Baqir As-Sadr, online at: https://www.al-islam.org/our-philosophy-falsafatuna-sayyid-muhammad-baqi... [8]

4. For more details see: Martyr and Martyrdom, Murtadha Mutahhari, ISP 1979.

5. Refer to Al-Wafi, Vol. 1, Part 3, p. 183.

Chapter 4: Guides Of Humanity

It is obvious that traversing this path requires guides who with their extra-ordinary knowledge and piety may guide all and may set an example for them to follow.

Human knowledge and intelligence being limited, it is quite likely that we may make a mistake in determining what is in our interest and what way leads to our eternal happiness. Hence there must be some persons, who, because of their communion with the metaphysical world. are in position to find the right path and show that to others.

That is why, we say that it is not conceivable that the All wise and Rational Allah would leave us in darkness. His limitless benevolence demands that He, through His chosen prophets, themselves human beings, puts necessary laws and programs at the disposal of mankind.

Prophets are the chosen and distinguished person who get in contact with Allah, find out the truth and communicate it to the people. This contact is called revelation. It is a special kind of contact between a prophet and Allah. A Prophet with his inner eyes sees the mysteries of the universe, and with the ears of his heart listens to divine calls and conveys them to the people.

Prophets Are Infallible

Prophets must not commit any sins, errors or mistakes; otherwise they cannot be fully relied upon in the performance of their mission. They should be rendered by Allah immune from sins and mistakes, so that people may repose cent percent confidence in them.

If they be liable to commit sins and mistakes, they cannot be a mode and example for others, nor can their acts, sayings and ideas become a source of a code of conduct to be followed.

This immunity from sins and mistakes is called Ismat (infallibility), and those who possess it are called Ma’asum (infallible).

Number Of Prophets

Traditions tell us that for the guidance of people Allah has sent about 1, 24, 000 prophets, first of them being Adam and the last Muhammad (S) son of Abdullah.

Prophets are divided into two groups. Some received revelation, but were not charged with the mission of propagation. Others had such a mission. Some of the latter group did not have a distinct code of laws of their own, but spread the laws of another prophet. It has also happened that at the same time there were several prophets, carrying out their functions in different countries or different cities and towns.

The most outstanding prophets who brought independent codes of law were five. Their names along with the names of the Books revealed to them are given below:

1. Noah (‘a) - Epistle

2. Abraham (‘a) - Epistle

3. Moses (‘a) - Torah

4. Jesus (‘a) - Evangel

5. Muhammad (S) - Qur’an

Aims Of Prophets

The program of the prophets includes:

1. To lay the foundation of justice on a firm basis.

2. To teach and educate.

3. To combat every form of superstition, corruption, undue discrimination and deviation from divine unity, truth and justice.

The Holy Qur’an says:

“Surely we have sent Our messengers with clear proofs and we have sent own with them the Book and the balance (necessary Laws) so that mankind may keep justice.”(57:25).

In respect of the Prophet of Islam (S) it says:

“It is he who has raised up among an unlettered people messenger from among themselves, who recites to them His verses and purifies them and teaches them the Book and the wisdom although before this they were in a clear error.”(62:2).

This is the noble aim for which the prophets have been sent.

Proofs Of Prophethood

Prophets must have a living and clear evidence to prove their apostolate. This evidence must be an achievement which is beyond the power of ordinary man, so that it may be proved that they are in communion with the metaphysical world and are inspired and take instructions from there.

The stories of the conversion of the rod of Moses (‘a) into a python and the coming to life of the dead and the recovery of the born blind through Jesus (‘a) are undeniable. The story of speaking of Jesus (‘a) in cradle has expressly been narrated in the Holy Qur’an.

Similarly the Prophet of Islam, though raised from amongst the most backward people, brought the book which is the masterpiece of knowledge, methods of education and secrets of creation. Admittedly it is beyond human power to accomplish such a feat.

That is why we call the Holy Qur’an inimitable. The Holy Qur’an, is miraculous from several angles. Its literary style is so wonderfully striking that its enemies called it a magical act and advised people not to go near Muhammad (S), whose penetrating words bewitched the listeners and pulled them to his system. This shows that even the enemies were convinced of the Holy Qur’an’s extra-ordinarily striking effect.

It is impossible for a man with his human limitations to describe the excellence of the Holy Qur’an in its entirety. Suffice it to say that it is the word of Allah and a miracle of His last Prophet (S). It is the guide which directs humanity in all its affairs and at every stage of its development. It ensures the success of man in this world as well as in the Hereafter.
The Holy Qur’an says:

“Qur’an guides towards the path which is the most upright.” (17:9).

At another place it says:

“The Book has been revealed to. you [Muhammad] so that, you would be able to lead people from dark ness into light.” (14:1).

It further says:

“This [Qur’an] is a reminder for the people and a guidance and an admonition to those who are pious.” (3:138).

The Holy Prophet (S) is reported to have said that the Holy Qur’an excels all speech as much as Allah excels all His creation.

It will be in the fitness of things if we leave the description of the merits of the Qur’an to the Holy Prophet (S) and his appointed successors, the Twelve Imams (‘a), who know its value and importance more than anyone else, and who themselves are its real interpreters as well as custodians.

The Holy Prophet (S) said: ‘‘I am leaving behind me two authorities with you, the Book of Allah and my progeny. They are not going to be separated from each other till the
Day of Judgement"1.

Hence, in regard to the description of the merits of the Qur’an, we should be content with what the Imams have said. A good number of their sayings have been quoted by Allamah Majlisi in his book Bihar al-Anwar. We produce here only a few of them.

Harith Hamadani says: Once I found people arguing in the masjid. I went to Imam Ali and said: "Don’t you see that the people are arguing?’ "Are they?" said he. ‘Yes’, said I. "I have heard the Holy Prophet (S) saying that soon there would be discord and civil strife among the Muslims. Is there any way of escaping the evil consequence of that", asked I. The Imam (‘a) said: "Yes, the Book of Allah. It tells what happened in the past and what is going to happen in future. It adjudicates all disputes. It is the last word, not a joke. Any tyrant, who abandons it, shall be crushed by Allah. He who seeks guidance from any other source, shall be misled. It is a strong Divine bond. It is a wise discourse. It is the straight path. It cannot be changed by the vagaries of passions, nor can it be obscured by the twist of tongues. The learned are never tired of it. The wisdom which this book contains and the guidance which it impacts cannot be exhausted by constant use. Its wonders are endless. The jinn, when they heard it, were wonder-struck.

They exclaimed, ‘We have heard the marvellous Qur’an’. He who quoted it, spoke the truth. He who adjudicated according to it, acted justly. He who acted upon it, deserved a reward. He who exhorted others to act upon it, directed them to the right path. O Harith! make it a point to follow it’’. It will not be out of place to refer to some of the finer points of this Hadith (tradition).

The Holy Prophet (S) has said that the Holy Qur’an tells us about future events. This may mean either that the Holy Qur’an has hinted at some of the future happenings, or that the events exactly similar to those experienced by the past peoples will also be faced by the Muslims. The Qur’an says:

“You will certainly pass through one stage after another.” (84:19).

Imam Ali (‘a) said that any tyrant who abandons the Qur’an shall be crushed by Allah. This means that in a Muslim society no oppressor will ever be able to violate the sanctity of religion and use it for his selfish ends. It also means that its text will ever remain unaltered. The Imam (‘a) meant the same thing when he said that the vagaries of passions cannot change it. The Qur’an has been misinterpreted by the self-seekers, but its text has always been safe from alteration. It is exactly in the same form in which it was revealed to the Holy Prophet (S)2.

The words of Imam Ali (‘a) purport that if the Muslims had referred their doctrinal differences to the Holy Qur’an, they would have found in it the best judge and arbitrator, for it gives a clear verdict on all important matters. Unfortunately, they have neglected the Holy Qur’an with the result that things have deteriorated to such extent that various sects of the Muslims have charged each other with unbelief. What a pitiable state of affairs!

Describing the Holy Qur’an, Imam Ali (‘a) has said: "This book is a light which will never go out. It is a lamp which will never dim. It is a sea, the bottom of which will never be reached. It is a way never to be lost. It is a ray which will never fade. It is an evidence, the proof of which will never weaken. It is a cure, the adverse reaction of which is not feared. It is an honour, the supporters of which will never be routed. It is a right, the upholders of which will never be disappointed. It is the main source of faith. It is a fountain of knowledge. It is the corner-stone of Islam. It is an ocean, which cannot be drained out. It is a spring which will never get dry. It is a pool, the water of which does not recede. It is a stage, through which no one can be misled"

Imam Ja’far as-Al-Sadiq has said, "The Holy Qur’an is an immortal Book. It shall remain operative so long as the sun and the moon exist"3.

Merits Of Recitation Of The Holy Qur’an

The Qur’an is a Divine code, which ensures success and happiness for man in the present life and in the Here after. Every verse of it is a source of guidance. He who is keen on attaining success, must associate himself permanently with it, and accustom himself to reflect on its verses. There are innumerable sayings of the Prophet and the Imams, exhorting the people to read the Qur’an regularly.

Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (‘a) quotes the Holy Prophet (S) as saying, "He who reads ten verses, will not be regarded as negligent of his duty. The name of one, who reads 100 verses, will be recorded with those who remember Allah; the name of one, who reads 200 verses, will be included among those, who are submissive to Allah, and the name of one, who reads 500 verses will be inscribed with those, who do their utmost to please Allah4.

Imam Ja’far as-Al-Sadiq (‘a) has said, "The Holy Qur’an is the covenant of Allah to His creation. It is the duty of a Muslim to look into this covenant and read its fifty verses every day".

The Imam (‘a) also said, "What prevents a busy merchant from reading a chapter of the Holy Qur’an after he returns from the market and before he goes to bed? If he does that, ten merits will be recorded in his favour and ten of his errors will be erased"5.

He (‘a) said to the people, "Be particular about reading the Holy Qur’an, for·Paradise has as many grades as the number of its verses. On the Day of Judgement, the reader of the Holy Qur’an will be told, ‘Read and go up’. As he will read a verse, he will go to a higher grade".

A number of reports indicate that it is preferable to read from a copy of the Qur’an to reciting from memory.

Ishaq Ibn Ammar said to Imam as-Al-Sadiq (‘a) that he had learnt the Qur’an by heart and asked him whether he should read it from a copy of it or from memory. The Imam replied that it was better to read from a copy, because it is also a meritorious act to look at the Holy Qur’an.

The Hadith tells us of the merit of reading the Holy Qur’an in the house. When a man recites it in his house, his wife and children are also encouraged to follow his example. The Imams have said that the recitation of the Holy Qur’an in a house invites the blessings of Allah for its inmates. The angels visit such a house and the devils quit it. A house in which the Holy Qur’an is not read, is visited by the devils and deserted by the angels6.

There are many sayings of the Holy Prophet (S) and the Imams (‘a) exhorting the people to read the Holy Qur’an and earn its reward .There are also many sayings which mention the merits of some particular chapters and verses of the Holy Qur’an for specific purposes, and they are all from the Prophet of Islam.

Pondering Over The Holy Qur’an

The Holy Qur’an requires the Muslims to ponder over its contents and meanings. Allah says:

“Will they then not meditate on the Qur’an, or are their hearts locked?” (47:24).

The verse severely rebukes those who do not reflect upon the Holy Qur’an. Imam Zayn al-Abidin (‘a) is reported to have said that the verses of the Holy Qur’an are like treasures. One should look into a treasure to ascertain what it contains. Abu Abdir Rahman Salami says that the companions of the Holy Prophet (S) used to learn ten verses at a time. They did not learn the next ten until they had understood fully the first ten and acted upon them.

Inimitability Of The Holy Qur’an

It is a well-known fact that the Prophet (S) presented Islam to the whole world and asked everyone to accept it. He put forward the Holy Qur’an as a proof of his Prophethood and declared it as inimitable. He challenged the whole world to produce a like of it if they could, even with their joint efforts. Then he went a step further and asked them to produce ten chapters like those of it, and finally, he challenged them to produce even one single chapter, which could match the Book of Allah.

The Arabs, past masters of eloquence as they were, would certainly have accepted his challenge, if they could, and simply by producing one single chapter, like that of the Qur’an, they could have refuted his claim to Prophethood. In that case, they would escaped the trouble of fighting so many battles and undergoing so much suffering.

But the Arabs did not accept the challenge, for they knew well that the Qur’an was inimitable. Some of them embraced Islam. Others, because of their intransigence, preferred to decide the issue by fighting and not by an intellectual contest. Allah says:

“Say: Surely if all men and jinn combined to bring the like of this Holy Qur’an, they would not be able to do so, even if some of them were to back the others.”(17:88).

We see that the Christians and other enemies of Islam spend millions and millions of dollars every year, nay every month, in their attempt to disparage Islam and depreciate the Holy Qur’an. If they could produce a chapter like any of the chapters of the Holy Qur’an, that certainly would have been the easiest way of achieving their purpose. The Holy Qur’an says:

“They would like to extinguish the light of Allah (Islam) with their mouths, but Allah bas decided to let His light shine forever; even though the unbelievers may dislike it.” (9:32).

Normally any literary style can be adopted or imitated after a certain amount of practice. But this rule is not applicable to the Holy Qur’an, which has a style that cannot be learnt. Had the Holy Qur’an been the work of the Holy Prophet (S), at least some of his sermons, which are extant, would have had a similar style.

We find that an Arab poet or a writer excels in only one or two aspects of literature, such as panegyric, satire, elegy, and love. But, the Qur’an has dwelt on many and varied aspects and, in each case, its style is incomparable. Such an achievement is not humanly possible.

An Everlasting Miracle

As we know, the acceptance of a Prophet depends on the proof of his Prophethood in the form of a miracle. As the messages of the past Prophets were of short range and of restricted nature, their proofs were also confined to their time. Their miracles were witnessed by some people, and to some others their reports were transmitted through universally accepted evidence. But, since Islam is an everlasting religion, its miracle, i.e. the Holy Qur’an, is also everlasting. This fact leads us to two conclusions:

1. Superiority of the Holy Qur’an to the miracles of the past Prophets, and
2. The termination of the past Prophethoods with the expiry of their proofs.

The Holy Qur’an has another distinctive feature which proves its superiority to all the miracles of the past Prophets. It vouches for the guidance of entire humanity and ensures advancement to the point of perfection. It guided the rough and rude Arabs who were steeped in the worst evils. They worshipped idols, refrained from acquiring knowledge and indulged in tribal feuds and vainglory. The Qur’an turned them into a nation, not to speak of bringing a radical change in the intellectual social and moral life of the Bedouin.

Anyone who looks at the history of Islam and goes into the life accounts of those companions of the Prophet who laid down their lives for Islam, can easily realize the profound impact of the Qur’an on them. It was the Qur’an which lifted them up from the depths of ignorance to the heights of knowledge arid perfection. The Holy Book taught them how to make sacrifices for the religion of Allah. It illumined the hearts of those who were engaged in idol-worsh’ip; it rallies under one banner all those who vied with each other in boasting of their ancestry. It was because of the Qur’an·that within a period of eighty years, the Muslims could make such vast conquests as others could not do even in 800 years.

The Holy Qur’an And Knowledge

A number of the Qur’anic verses expressly say that Prophet Muhammad (S) did not know how to read and write. Nobody ever disputed this truth. There is a definite proof of its correctness. Despite his illiteracy he presented to the world a Book which is such a marvellous treasure of knowledge that it has dazzled the philosophers and thinkers of the East and the West alike. This is one of the most miraculous aspects of the Holy Qur’an7.

Let us suppose for the sake of argument that Muhammad (S) was not illiterate. In that case, he must have acquired knowledge from the people among whom he was brought up. We know that these people were either heathens, who believed in myths and superstitions, or were the followers of deformed Christianity and Judaism, who claimed the Old and the New Testaments as the source of their knowledge.

But the Holy Qur’an does not reflect on the absurdities and the superstitious ideas of either of them. Many verses of the Holy Qur’an set forth the attributes of Allah. They describe Him in a manner befitting His perfection, and declare Him to be free from all defects. Here are a few specimens.

“They [followers of the Bible] have said Allah has adopted a son. He is too glorious to have a son. To Him belongs all that is in the heavens and the earth. All are subservient to Him.” (2:116).

“Allah is the Originator of the heavens and the earth. When He decrees a thing, He just commands it to, ‘Be’ and it comes into existence.” (2:117).

“Your Lord is the only One Lord. There is no god but He, the Beneficent, the Merciful.” (2:163).

“Allah exists. There is no god but He, the Everlasting and the Guardian of life. Slumber does not seize Him. To Him belongs all that is in the heavens and the earth.” (2:255).

“Nothing in the heavens or in the earth is hidden from Allah.” (3:5).

“It is Allah who fashions you in the wombs as He wills.” (3:6).

“He is Allah Your Lord. There is no god but He. He is the Creator of all things, so worship Him. He is the Guardian of all.” (6:102).

The sights do not apprehend Him, yet He apprehends the sights, and He is the All-attentive, the All-aware.

“Sight perceives Him not, but He perceives men’s sights. He is Subtle, All-aware.” (6:103).

“Say, it is Allah who produces and then reproduces it then how is it that you are misled.” (10:34)

“Allah is He who raised up the heavens without visible supports. Then He established His control over the realm and made the sun and the moon subservient to Him. Each of them will remain in motion for an appointed time. He regulates all affairs and explains the evidence (of His existence) so that you may, perhaps, be certain of your meeting with your Lord.” (13:2).

“He is Allah; there is no god other than Him. All praise is due to Him in this world and in the Hereafter. Judgement is in His hands and to Him you will all return.” (28:70).

“He is Allah, besides whom there is no god. He has knowledge of everything whether perceptible or imperceptible. He is the Beneficent, the Merciful.” (59:22).

“He is Allah, besides whom there is no god, the Sovereign, Lord, the Holy One, the All-powerful and the Majestic. Exalted be He above what they associate with Him.” (59:23).

That is how the Holy Qur’an describes Allah, the Lord of the universe. Everything is reasonable and in conformity with scientific evidence. An illiterate person, born and brought up in a barbaric environment, cannot be expected to produce such lofty ideas.

The description of the Prophets by the Qur’an is also gloriously in keeping with the sanctity of the Prophets and majesty of their mission. Here are a few examples.

“Those who follow the Messenger [Muhammad], the Prophet, who can neither read nor write and whom they find mentioned in the Torah and the Gospel, which are with them [the People of Scriptures]; know that he [Muhammad] exhorts them to do what is right and restrains them from evil.” (7:157).

“It is He who has raised among the unlettered people a Messenger among themselves, who recites to them His revelations, ensures their development, and imparts to them wisdom and knowledge of the Book, though before that they were in clear error.” (62:2).

“You will certainly receive a never-ending reward.” (68:3)

“When Abraham said to his father and his people, ‘I renounce what you worship except for the One who has created me and will guide me’.” (43:26).

“We showed Abraham the kingdom of the heavens and the earth to strengthen his faith.” (6:75).

“Ishmael, Elisha, Jonah and Lot; each one of them did we exalt over the whole world.” (6:86).

“And from among their fore-fathers, children and brothers We chose some and guided then1 to a straight path.” (6:87).

“Such is the guidance of Allah by which He guides whomever He pleases out of His slaves.” (6:88).

“We bestowed knowledge on David and Solomon. They said: ‘All praise is due to Allah, who exalted us above many of His believing slaves’.” (27:15).

“These were the Prophets from the offspring of Adam; from those who embarked with Noah and from the offspring of Abraham and Israel. Allah guided them and chose them for His favour. Whenever they would bear the revelation of the Beneficent Allah, they would bow down in prostration with tears.” (19:58).

The Qur’an describes the Prophets in this way. On the contrary, the Old and the New Testaments attribute many absurd and immoral stories to them and charge them with fornication, adultery and intoxication. Such stories are neither in keeping with correct logic nor with the high moral values.

Hence it cannot reasonably be suspected that the noble teachings of Islam, contained in the Qur’an, were in any way inspired by Judaism or Christianity.

Consistency Of The Holy Qur’an

Experience shows that deceit, fraud, and lying, are bound to result in self-contradiction and incoherence of statements. This particularly happens when a person has concerned himself for years with serious subjects like law, sociology, and religious faiths, etc. It is but natural that an impostor should get confused at one time or another and fall a prey to incongruity. Proverbially speaking, a liar lacks memory.

The Holy Qur’an has dwelt on many subjects. It has dealt with law, politics, economics, social organizations and rules of morality. It has also dilated upon astronomy, history, and rules of peace and war as well as various sciences. It has thrown light upon angels, stars, winds, oceans, plants, animals, the Day of Resurrection and so on. But there is not one instance in it of any contradiction or incongruity. The story of Moses has been repeated so many times. Each time it has a new significance but there is no contradiction in substance.

The consistency of the Holy Qur’an becomes more significant if we keep in mind that its verses were revealed gradually over a long number of years. Allah has referred to this characteristic of the Holy Qur’an:

“Will they not ponder over the Qur’an Had it come from other than Allah, they would have certainly found in it much inconsistency.” (4:82).

This verse draws the attention of the people to a fact of which they are aware intuitively. They know that the statements of an impostor are apt to be contradictory and confused. But that is not the case with the Qur’an. Its contents are characterized by consistency and coherence.

All those, who have studied pre-Islamic history, know what a disgraceful state of affairs was prevailing at that time. Morals were at their lowest ebb. Raids and plunder were the order of the day. At the slightest provocation, the Bedouin were ready to wage wars. They were heathen in their beliefs and savage in their behaviour. There was no common religion. There was no organized government. The idol-worshippers formed the majority of the people. Various tribes worshipped different deities. Gambling was rampant. One of the shabby customs was marriage with the step mother after the death of the father. The most callous custom was that of the daughters being buried alive.

These were some of the customs and conventions of the Arabs. But with the advent of Islam, every evil was uprooted. The same Arabs adopted excellent habits. Heathenism was replaced by belief in monotheism, ignorance by knowledge and feud by fellow-feeling. The Arabs became a compact nation and the standard-bearers of a dynamic culture in the world.

Dozy, the distinguished Dutch scholar8, says: "After the appearance of Islam, which united the Arabian tribes and welded them into one nation, having one goal, the Muslims became masters of an empire extending from the Tagus in Spain to the Ganges in India, and raised the standard of culture over vast territories of the world. All this happened at the time when Europe was groping in the darkness of the Middle Ages".

This achievement was possible because of the teachings of the Holy Qur’an, which excelled all other Divine Books. The teachings of the Holy Qur’an are clear and logical. They are just, balanced and based on common sense. In the very first chapter of the Holy Qur’an, man has been taught to say to Allah:

“Guide us to the straight path.” (1:5).

This verse, short as it is, has great significance. The Holy Qur’an has laid great emphasis on justice and equity. It says:

“Allah commands you to deliver back the trusts to their owners; and when you iudge between the people, that you judge justly.” (4: 58).

“Let not your hatred for a people seduce you that you deal with them unjustly. Be just; that is nearer to piety [observance of your duty].” (5:8).

“Allah commands [people] to maintain justice, kind ness, and proper relations with their relatives. He for bids them to commit indecency, sin and rebellion. He exhorts you in order that you may take heed.” (16:90).

The Holy Qur’an has also warned against miserliness and extravagance:

“Do not be stingy nor prodigal, lest you become empty banded blamed and left destitude!” (17:29).

The Sacred Book enjoins patience:

“Surely those who endure with fortitude shall be repaid without measure.” (39:10).

“Allah loves those who have patience.” (3:146).

At the same time it has not asked the oppressed to sit with folded hands. To ensure justice and prevent lawlessness, it has allowed them to take vengeance:

By enjoining justice, integrity and moderation, the Book of Allah has introduced a system which ensures success both in this world and in the Hereafter. It says:

“Those who obey Allah and His Messenger will be admitted by Him into the gardens underneath which rivers flow, where they shall abide forever. That is the supreme success.” (4:13).

“Whoever has done an atom’s weight of good, will see it and whoever has done an atom’s weight of evil, will also see it.” (99:7-8).

“Seek the abode of the life to come in that which Allah bas given you; and neglect not your share of this world.” (28:77).

Many verses of the Holy Qur’an urge the people to acquire knowledge and observe piety, nevertheless the Holy Qur’an allows them to enjoy the good things of life:

“Muhammad, ask them, who has made it unlawful to maintain beauty and to eat the pure food s which Allah has created for His slaves.” (7:32).

“The Holy Qur’an does not ignore man’s relation with his fellow beings: Believers, stand by your contracts (and obligations).” (5:1).

It insists that people should be kind to their wives, parents, relatives, fellow Muslims and the entire humanity:

“Treat your wives kindly.” (4:19).

“Women have rights similar to those of men.” (2:228)

“Worship Allah and associate not with Him; and be good to the parents, the relations, the orphans, the needy and the neighbour who is kin to you and the neighbour who is not kin to you, the fellow traveller, the wayfarer and the slaves whom you possess. Allah loves not those who are boastful and arrogant.” (4:36).

These are some specimens of the teachings of the Holy Qur’an which enjoin every Muslim to exhort others to do good and to restrain from evil. This law paved the way for the spread of Islam and infused a spirit of nobleness and virtue among the people. Islam has entrusted on every person the duty of urging others to do good and refrain from doing the evil. All Muslims are required to preach the teachings of Islam and see to it that they are implemented.

One of the finest teachings of Islam is the unity and fraternity of all sections of society. Islam does not recognize any distinction among the people except the one based on knowledge and piety. The Holy Qur’an says:

“The most honoured among you in the sight of Allah is be who is the most pious of you.” (49:13).

“Are those, who know, equal to those, who do not know?” (39:9).

The Prophet of Islam (S) said: ‘‘Islam has ennobled those who were regarded low during the days of ignorance. It has done away with the pre-Islamic pride in ancestry. Now all men, irrespective of their race and colour, are equal. The dearest in the eyes of Allah on the Day of Judgement will be the most pious and obedient".

Because of his perfect faith, Islam gave preference to Salman al-Farsi over all other companions and declared him to be a member of the Holy Prophet’s family. It denounced Abu Lahab, one of the Prophet’s own uncles, because of his mischief and disbelief.

We find that the Messenger of Allah (S) never took pride in his noble descent as was the custom of the day. Instead, he called his people to believe in Allah and the Last Day, and urged them to get united by adopting a common belief. He was able to bring round a people torn by feud and vendetta, rivalries and discords, and boast of ancestry. He wiped off their arrogance so much so that there was nothing surprising in a wealthy man of high birth giving his daughter in marriage to a poor Muslim of low birth.

The teachings of the Holy Qur’an promote the welfare of the individual as well as of the society. The Holy Qur’an has laid down laws which ensure success in this world as well as in the Hereafter. It should be borne in mind that the Prophet of Islam was born and brought up in a barbaric society of the worst order; so, the enactment of these beneficial laws under the Divine guidance is- a clear manifestation of his Prophethood.

Perfection Of Qur’anic Ideas

The Holy Qur’an has dealt with a large number of subjects of divergent nature and laws relating to all spheres of human life, such as theology, history, economics ethics, metaphysics, astronomy, family laws, social administration, and penal laws etc. Whatever has been written in this Holy Book on a subject is unassailable and beyond criticism. Such a feat is not humanly possible.

We know that the views, expressed by an author, lose their freshness and truth after some time. In many cases, further research proves the incorrectness of the previous ideas. We see that the books of the ancient and even modern philosophers have been criticized by those who succeeded them. In so many instances what was once believed to be an indisputable fact was later found to be a mere pack of lies or fiction.

But, despite the passage of such a long time, none of the statements made and views expressed by the Holy Qur’an is outdated or lacking in truth.

Prophecies Of The Holy Qur’an

A number of the Qur’anic verses predicted some important future events. There is no doubt that such predictions could not be made except through revelation.

Such events include the victory of the Muslims in the Battle of Badr, the treaty of Hudaibiyah, victory of the Byzantium (Constantinople), which has earlier suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of Persia and the death of Abu Lahab as an infidel.

Secrets Of Nature

The Holy Qur’an brought to light many laws of nature, and scientific truths, which could not be known in the beginning of Islam, except though the revelation. Though come of them were known to the ancient Greeks or others, they were totally unknown in the Arabian Peninsula. Many other things were discovered centuries later, as a result of the advancement of knowledge.

There are many verses in the Qur’an which refer to the laws of nature, some of them explicitly and others implicitly. As certain, scientific truths were incomprehensible to the people, they were expressed in such terms as could be interpreted by the later generations. We give below a few instances:

“We made everything in the earth to grow to its proper weight.” (15:19).

This verse shows that everything that grows has a specific weight. It has now been proved that everything in the vegetable kingdom is composed of certain chemicals in specific proportions. If that proportion is disturbed, it will become something else.

“We send the winds impregnating.” (15:22).

This verse refers to the pollination of plants and trees by the wind. This truth was discovered scientifically many centuries after it had been revealed by the Holy Qur’an.

“He has made all fruits (plants and flowers) in pairs.”(13:3).

“Glory be to Him who created the male and female in what the earth produces, mankind themselves and (other creatures) of which they do not know.” (36:36).

These verses show that not only animals but also plants and flowers have males and females, and that plants have such a structure as corresponds to sex in animals.

“He is the Lord of the heavens and the earth and all that is between them, the Lord of the Eastern regions.” (37:5).

“I swear by the Lord of the East and the West that We are certainly powerful!” (70:40).

These verses refer to the time zones and by implication to the sphericity of the earth.

Reports from the Imams also point out that the earth is round. Imam Ja’far al-Sadiq (‘a) is reported to have said : "A man came to me. He used to offer the maghrib prayer in the evening and the fajr prayer before dawn. I used to offer the maghrib prayer after sunset and the fajr prayer after the first appearance of light in the morning. He asked me why I did not do as he did, and added that the sun rose at some places before it rose in our country and set at some places while it was still above horizon in our country. I said, we must offer prayer in our region after the sunset and after the appearance of dawn9.

That man argued by saying that the sun rose and set in different regions at different hours. The Imam agreed with him to that extent, but reminded him of his religious duty. We have mentioned only a few aspects ·of the uniqueness of the Holy Qur’an. Anyway, they are enough to prove that the Holy Qur’an is Divinely revealed, and it is beyond human power to bring a like of it.

To prove that the Holy Qur’an is the word of Allah, it is sufficient to say that it is the academy from where Imam Ali graduated. Nahjul Balagah, which contains his sermons, is with us. When he takes up a subject, it appears as if he has spent his whole life in the study of that very subject. There can be no doubt that he derived his knowledge from the Book of Allah. He who is conversant with the history of Arabia, especially Hijaz, cannot imagine that Imam Ali could have any other source of knowledge except Divine revelation.

Call Of Islam

Like all revealed religions, Islam called for the acknowledgement of the Unity of Allah and combating the worship of anyone or anything else. Islam lays the greatest emphasis on Divine Unity. The very first sentence which a neo-Muslim utters is “La ilaha illa Allah”, There is no god but Allah.

Anyone who professes the Unity of Allah and the apostolate of the Prophet of Islam becomes a Muslim without any further formalities.

Next to unity, Islam calls for justice, Obedience of Allah, piety, cleanliness, banishing undue discrimination, work and effort in life and knowledge. It also calls for thinking and urges us to refrain from disunity and dissensions. The Holy Qur’an says.

“I exhort you with a single exhortation, namely that you stand up for the sake of Allah in twos (collectively) or singly, and then think.”(34:46).

Islam proposes that religion should be accepted out of free will coupled with logic and reasoning and not through force or compulsion, for belief is not a thing to be imposed by force or compulsion, for belief is not thing to be imposed by force.

“There is no compulsion in regard to religion. The right way has been made distinct from the wrong way.”(2:256).

Islam The Last Revealed Religion

Just as an individual has to pass through various educational stages, like primary school, secondary school and the stage of higher education before he reaches the final stage, similarly from the point of view of religious teachings, humanity has passed through several evolutionary stages, till it has reached the final stage, which is Islam.

Islamic Principles Accord With Human Nature

Human nature everywhere and every time is more or less the same. Thus humanity is the common factor among all the people, whether they are white or black, Arabs or non-Arabs, men or women, old or young, rich or poor, weak or strong, wise or ignorant.

Whatever they are; their innate nature is the same, their being in the Stone Age or the Space Age makes no difference at all. The compiler of the “History of Political Philosophy” observes:

Habits and customs are the robes in which our unchanging body as a solid fact is clothed and these robes are there in every country and every society in some or the other shape and color, although human temperament as a reality is one and the same and is there in accordance with specific principles.

This is to such an extent that psychology (which deals with human nature), contains nothing but this unchangeable nature of man. Thus as long as man exists and retains his nomenclature of man, this nature remains and will not alter at his hands.

Man’s Individuals And Natural Needs

Human needs are of two kinds the primary needs and the secondary needs. The needs under discussion here are the primary needs. They spring from man’s physical and spiritual edifice and its foundation and from his social nature and he is subject to them all in his capacity of man.

Sociology has also called attention to this reality that there are common words in the dictionaries of different societies and these are quite in conformity with man’s nature and they can all be recognized in their meaning,

Keeping in view the fact that all men are the same in their build and that they have the same characteristics and requirements are commonly the same and are of the same kind and the same way.

For instance, at no time and for no nation is it ever possible not to be bent upon waging war against an enemy who is determined to wipe the other out, particularly when there is no other way to get him out of their way except through bloodshed. In such a case it is not possible for a people so confronted to bar bloodshed.

Similarly no society can run away from the obligation of feeding the people, protection of whose lives is its own responsibility. Nor can any society put a ban on the sex life of its members. Thus there are other numerous examples which throw a flood of light on the unchangeability of human nature which is the same at all times and in all ages.

These are the natural aptitudes which are latent in man since his birth. They emerge when man grows and develops or when the obstacles in their way are removed. They give birth to new needs and ultimately help the growth of man’s culture.

However, no factor in one culture can ever tolerate that our primary needs be suspended. For an example, it can be said that as a result of our civilization we are used to finer food, richer clothes and easier and pleasanter being.

But it can’t be said that our needs of eating, drinking, sleeping and living are a result of our civilization. Nor can it be said that before the civilization there was no eating, drinking and living. Surely these are the needs of our existence.

It is also the demand of nature that when specific and definite habits have a routine of their own, then there ought not to be anything which might cause a change in these definite and specific habits.

It is this nature of man which the Islamic Principles have in mind. Since the religion of Islam is for the whole world and is not meant for any specific group or people, so in the forming of its moral code it is this nature of man which was kept in view. His basic needs have been taken into account in fixing Islamic principles, thus it is that in conformity with man’s basic unchangeable nature, Islam has a code of unchangeable laws of life, a code that admits of no change at all, in spite of the fact that this code exists in many lands and for indefinite time without a change.

The injunctions of Islam have been framed to suit the creation of man and to be in harmony with his aptitudes and his attributes.

“Turn your face to the stable religion” (30:43).

“Therefore, stand firm in your devotion to the upright religion, which is in harmony with the nature of man, designed by Allah” (30:30).

Religion is that nature of Allah on and after which God has created people. There is no change in God’s creation and it is this religion which has encompassed man.

So long as man is man, this nature will invariably be his. Future, present or past don’t affect it. It is an established truth that human temperament does not change. Nor can it be said that along with the time human nature has changed and that something else has taken its place.

Islamic teachings are based on nature. It is the same nature which Providence has decreed and since it is divinely ordained, it can admit of no change. Thus religion means this very unchangeable nature of man.

It is clear from this that a system of permanent and stable principles is quite necessary for this human nature. So in its call Islam has said nothing beyond this. Thus according to Islamic ideology only such code of principles can be offered for human nature as is practicable by the people in general and particular.

According to these eternal principles there can be no difference in the simple and plain life of the primitive man and the life of the present civilized man with all his complicated ways of life since their basic inherent nature is the same.

Nor can the different modes of life have any effect on man’s unchangeable nature, no matter whether he travels in animal-drawn vehicles, whether he travels in jet planes or atomic submarines, whether he lives in caves and eats wild roots and fruits or whether his abode is palatial buildings and his dining table is full of choicest dishes and his bed is of fur and velvet. His inherent nature is the same.

These ways of life are temporary and are of little value from religion’s point of view. What is aimed at is man’s training. It is the development of those basic aptitudes with which man is endowed according to his capacity.

This really means that Islam is another name of those aptitudes, those trends which are hidden in man. Thus Islam is to be found true to the highest standard of man’s evolution. It is true by whatever criterion it is judged. So, as long as man is there in this world, so long will Islam and its code remain true and will not grow old with time.

Realistic Nature Of Islamic Principles

In modern law-making, the basic features of the subject of legislation are not kept in view. So it is possible that a law is made which is beneficial only partially and which is harmful as a whole and which is hidden from our eyes.

Wine drinking for example is an undesirable habit and in view of its evil consequences, it can be regarded as a serious menace to human existence. Yet, in consideration of the material and financial gains that accrue from wine, government deems it justified. Such also is the case with gambling and prostitution dens.

The Islamic principles are, however, quite different in their composition because they have come to us from the Creator of this universe. God has created this universe and He is in the Know of all the ins and outs of it.

In His Knowledge past and future are the same. His Knowledge is in conformity with nature because He Himself has created the nature. Islam keeps in view human nature as it is and as made by God. It pays attention to this aspect and to man’s natural desires and inclinations in the same way a human nature was kept in view while making the Islamic code.

In the same way, while selecting the topics of Islamic injunctions, human nature has been kept in view and it has been made quite clear that these injunctions, are subordinates to their being profitable or injurious.

This is an indication that there is harmony between human nature and Islamic teachings. Basic characteristics that are the topics of the injunction will remain so long as the topics themselves remain. Thus the unchangeable nature of the characteristics of things is also reflected in the unchangeable nature of Islamic injunctions.

Thus the laws framed on this basis will remain so long, as this basis remains. This relationship of the Islamic principles with their effectiveness in being beneficial or harmful grants them an eternal status.

For example, Islam regards the false person as an enemy of God and declares the evil flowing from the false person as breach of trust. Can this now be said that falsehood is breach of trust but only for the people living fourteen hundred years ago and that for the people in this age of science and wisdom, falsehood is not breach of trust?

Similarly, Islam has declared wine drinking as wholly unlawful. The Holy Qur’an treats it as an evil and describes it an act of the Devil. The Holy Prophet has called it the mother of vices and the begetter of sins.

He has termed the drunkards as accursed. The punishment for a single sip of wine is eighty stripes. It can’t be denied that it is only out of consideration for the ruinous consequences of wine drinking that Islam has declared it unlawful. It is also an established fact that the great harm of the intoxicants will be there so long as the intoxicants are there.

Is this, therefore, not stupid for someone to say that drinking was an evil fourteen hundred years ago but in this age of space and moon flights it is not an evil at all? No year of history passes without there being hundreds of cases of murders, suicides, defalcations, burglaries, adultery, degradation and obscenity as a direct result of this fatal poison of drinking.

Can it be claimed that now this outmoded prohibition is not worth being reed? The law that speaks the language of nature can never grow outdated and outmoded. This is so because there is no new and old for truth and reality. Truth and reality is always fresh everywhere and every time.

Islam has severely censured adultery, obscenity, sex-license and lawlessness. To guard the honor of the people, it has ordered for the first time that a hundred stripes be delivered to the man and woman guilty of illicit sex relation. As compensation for this immoral act, it has also ensured by law that the public shall witness and be present at this whipping.

Can any sensible person still maintain that such laws have grown old and that they are meant for backward people only or that such laws were well observed in the past but now in this age of liberty and sex freedom, they have become defunct and meaningless? If we look at the sad plight of the West in particular and how it has lost its glamour, we will realize that these laws have not only not grown old but also will never grow old.

The long and short of this is that whatever Islam has declared to be lawful and unlawful is on the basis of its being beneficial and because there is a purpose behind it and because it is expedient.

Whatever is declared to be lawful in Islam is for the good of man and whatever is declared to be unlawful is in some way or another harmful for him, whether this harm is material or moral. Man is not aware of this truth about the things. There will come a time when man, on the basis of his knowledge and experience will get acquainted with them.

How just are the words of the British thinker Mr. Wells!

“A religion I know and about which I have often said that it is fully aware of the secrets of creation and of the reality of things and which is co-extensive with civilization, is the religion of Islam and Islam only.”

Reality Is Always Fresh

Everything possessing factuality and reality is not only always new but also it never gets old. For instance look at the theories of Plato and Aristotle. Although two thousand five hundred years have passed, yet it is fresh and will always remain so.

The passage of time does not affect it. In his time two and two made four and they make four even today, and two thousand years hence, also, two and two will make four. The upheavals of the world and the march of time have no effect on it.

There is no doubt that every principle of Islam is in harmony with the system of Creation in every respect. Nowhere in this world do we find a law as natural and as close to reality as the law of Islam. In other and better words it should be said that the principles and the teachings of Islam are reality itself. Had it not been a religion of nature, it would have been exterminated by the vicissitudes of the world.

Rather it is very much alive to this day, though it had no material props for its survival. Nor does it have them now. This is in spite of the fact that in every age all attempts were made to wipe it off and such attempts are still being made.

The secret of it all is that it has a touch of the supernatural and its progress is bright. The great thinkers of the West are amazed at this. The reason is that Islam is a natural constitution and it accords with the nature of life. It will exist so long as the world exists.

Although fourteen hundred years have passed, the greatness and grandeur of this religion is quite apparent from the fact that what the Holy Prophet (S) said at that time is true even today and for man’s happiness and wisdom it is quite necessary to act upon the constitution he provided. For this reason his message is always fresh and vital. For and in every age it has in its soul a noble and casting ideal of life worthy of the human race.

Only by adherence to Islam can man come out safe and successful from the storm of life. It is only by acting on its principles that man create harmony between his life and the vast creation of Allah.

Thus it is that the Islamic way of life and man’s progress and civilization, can never be at conflict with each other, since Islam gives guidance along the path of God by giving a man and instilling in him a sense of his responsibility and a sense of his greatness in making sacrifices for a high and sacred cause.

The Nature Of Islamic Laws

The injunctions of the revealed religions are of two kinds. The first kind consists of injunctions that are stable and invariable; these do not die out with the passage of time but rather join a higher form of religion despite vicissitudes of the world.

The second kind of injunctions are specific in respect of time, place and conditions. Such injunctions get worn out and become outdated with the passage of time and they are replaced by new ones. It is in respect of such laws that we say, “The old religion has changed yielding place to new.”

The displaced injunctions are also meant to operate only for a time and place and as such they represent reality though in part only. How is it then possible that one reality should displace another reality?

On this ground, a new religion need not annul all the injunctions of the old religions. Rather there are in the revealed religions injunctions that are stable and unchanging and towards which all the prophets right from Adam to the last Prophet Muhammad (S) have invited the people.

It is also possible that annulment of a law is provided for in a religion’s constitution. There may be a law which may be superseded by another law. In Islam itself there are examples of this and they have been regarded as unstable and variable.

In view of man’s stable and unchanging needs, Islam has formulated stable and unchanging laws and considering his changing needs has also foretold the change in its modus operand. Thus in an Islamic society the operative laws are of two kinds.

1. Eternal Laws
2. Variable Laws

The first kind includes those laws which were revealed to the Holy Prophet for a natural religion. And which were declared to be operative for mankind under all circumstances. For example. there are principles like justice, peace, liberty, cleanliness, the keeping of covenants, truthfulness, righteousness, honesty, doing good to all, sacrifice, fight for the right cause, love and sincerity, obedience of Allah, abstaining from cruelty and aggression, Combating undue discrimination, corruption and tens of other rules of morality.

Similarly, Islam prohibits defamation, discord and dissention, libertinism, falsehood and forgery. These are questions of eternal values which admit of no change. Even after millions of years tyranny will not become good and justice will not become bad. The important portion of the teachings of Islam is concerned with these abiding principles which do not change in any age.

Thus an elucidation of this truth is to be found in the traditions, that what Muhammad (S) declares to be lawful is lawful till the Day of Judgment and that what Muhammad (S) declares to be unlawful is unlawful for all time to come.

Time has no effect on such laws. Like the exact formula of mathematics they remain exact at all times. This is so because there is at their back the basic needs as dictated by nature inherent in man. It is an established fact that human nature will remain the same so long as man remains man. There can be no change in this.

The second kind consists of laws that are framed according to the exigencies of time and place. These laws are not based on a strong and stable foundation. So they keep on changing according to the development of civilization and according to good or bad circumstances. Such laws depend on time and place for their existence, because it originates from human requirements which change with the passage of time.

The questions covered by this portion include the relations and treaties of the Muslim countries with non-Muslims, political and economic relations, defense tactics, defense requirements and many other similar questions.

There is no denying of the fact that such things do change, and every age has its own specialties. But Islamic teachings, in this field consist of a large number of general rules which are applicable to every age and meet all requirements of the changing circumstances.

For example, in connection with defense preparations and equipping military forces, the Holy Qur’an says:

“Prepare you (Muslim), against them whatever you can of forces and well-fed horses to put terror amongst the enemies of Allah and your enemies.”(8:60).

It is remarkable that after enunciating the general rule utmost preparation should be made against the enemy and every possible war equipment should be acquired. It has been expressly stated that the aim is not aggression or manslaughter but the aim is to fill the enemy with awe so that he may be terrified and may not venture to resort to war .

This is an example of the general rules of Islam to meet the requirement of every age. The same is the case with all questions which undergo a change with the passage of time. In fact Islam has a series of general rules, details of which can in every age be adapted to particular requirements.

Besides those divine leaders who are a competent authority in this respect, have certain powers which have been scrupulously defined in Islamic law. Using these powers they (Mujtahids), can, when necessary, meet the requirements of any special circumstances.

The well-known decree forbidding temporarily the use of tobacco and enjoining the economic blockade of a foreign imperialistic company, which was issued in Iran by a religious authority in 1309 A. H. to counter foreign influence, was of this very nature. In Islamic terminology, such a decree is called “Hukm-al-Faqih” a jurist’s order.

Righteous Rulers Protect Religion From Getting State

To meet the changing needs of society, Islam has kept in view the mode of life of the same nature and has thus rendered the changing conditions stable and unchanging. In this connection. Islam has permitted the Spiritual Guide to issue judgments in accordance with the requirements of time and frame rules and implement them accordingly.

Although these rules are to be issued in the same manner as the stable ones, yet they have difference of their own. In that difference, they have to depend for their life and stability on those needs and requirements which have given them birth and to which they are subordinate. Since the Islamic Society is revolutionary and evolutionary in nature, so also these codes of laws keep on changing, yielding place to new and better codes of rules.

This is the reason why the verse “Ulil amre minkum”(4:59) enjoins that the Spiritual Guide is to be obeyed in the same way as God and the Holy Prophet are. Apparently these powers, in the first phase are associated with the person of the Holy Prophet and with his government. After the Holy Prophet, the powers are associated with the governments of the Imams (Spiritual Guides) and afterwards, through them, with the other lawful governments.

Thus, in the first phase, after the Holy Prophet, the spiritual guides are the persons of the Holy Imams who incorporate within themselves divine chastity and after them, in the subsequent phase, only those persons will be the holders of this high honor, who truly represent them and who are their deputies.

The jurisdiction of these powers is very wide. An Islamic Government, in consideration, of new circumstances and new requirements of the time, can frame laws according to the basic principles of Islam and the traditions of the Holy Prophet, if such laws did not exist before.

Islamic rulers have the power to meet the changing needs and new situations of every age and country and fulfill the demands of the Muslim Society in such a way that the fundamental provisions of Islam are neither annulled nor infringed.

Ijtihad

It means assiduous efforts to deduce a ruling from the Holy Qur’an, the sayings and doings of the Holy Prophet and the Imams for a comprehension of divine injunctions.

At present this deduced decision (Ijtihad) imposes upon the sages and the learned scholars a serious and highly responsible duty. During the regime of the Holy Prophet, Ijtihad (deduced decision) had a sensitive and foundational role and in reality it is a bridge that connects the future with the past. This is the prerequisite to keep the Islamic Code eternal and it has rightly been termed as the dynamic force of Islam.

The highly esteemed Muslim Philosopher Abu ‘Ali Sina (370- 428 A. H.) has stated this question in sparkling style thus:

The unchanging and stable principles of Islam are limited. But accidents and events bring along with them specific problems. Therefore, it is essential that in every age, there should be a band of scholars, well-versed in Islamic code, well-acquainted with the world problems and with the demands of the time so that it could bear the responsibility of finding solution of these problems on the basis of Ijtihad, that is to deduce a judgment for the problems from the holy book and the traditions.

Why not so? The world is advancing with terrific speed and this is necessarily giving birth to such strange new problems as could never be conceived in the past. In meeting out these new demands, there is genuine need for such a living and enlightened jurisprudence, as will keep abreast of time and as will reconcile man’s new life with the connotation and denotation of Islamic Jurisprudence, so that along with the advancement of knowledge, the spirit of religion could be instilled into human mind and heart.

According to the needs of the time, they have to present Islamic jurisprudence in such a manner as to justify its needs to understand and solve the new problems in its light and guidance. This is essential so that religion should not get stale and stagnated in the new set-up and relapse into the past.

Among the traditions of deduced decisions and emulation, one states:

Ishaq, son of Yaqub, submitted a letter to the Imam of the time, in which he had stated the remedy he had discovered for the adversities which had befallen him. Muhammad Bin Usman Samic. The special representative of the Imam, put up this letter before him. The Imam replied to the letter in his own hand:

In respect of adversities and events you should refer to our narrators as they are the proof of us for you as we are the proof of Allah.

In this tradition actual adversities mean the new problems cropping up. The writer had raised a question as’ what they should do when confronted by a problem and when they have no access to the Imam. The Imam replied that in a case like that they should refer the matter to the jurist and to the man in authority.

Some contemporary jurists are of the opinion that the occurrences don’t mean problems and religion’s decisions since this is quite common to the Shia sect that in these matters the reference should be made to the jurists. They think that there occurrences mean those problems which keep cropping up in the life of the Muslims, that is they wholly encompass the cultural, intellectual, social, political and economic events.

At any rate, whether they signify event and occurrences or whether they signify those new problems which crop up and subside in every age and time, they really have only one meaning that in both the cases, you have to refer to the jurists and the narrators to know your duty in that respect.

This is an enlightened precaution of Shia jurisprudence that during every age new problems keep on growing, for which the old law offers no solution. Thus it is essential for jurisprudence to take due notice of the truth and after weighing them in the balance of knowledge and deduced decisions, solve them and furnish an answer for them.

By a study of and research into the juristic compilations of different countries, it is concluded that ever new problems do crop up and the jurists do furnish solutions for them. Thus slowly has our jurisprudence grown in volume.

For example, when we study the books of jurisprudence prior to Shaikh Abu Ja’far Tusi, 400 A. H. , we come to know how brief they are and how limited were the problems then. Then Shaikh Tusi widened the scope of jurisprudence and brought about a revolution through the compilation of his renowned book, “Al-Mabsoot.”

Thus from age to age, through the efforts of the jurists, and the scholars, the volume of jurisprudence kept on growing, until a century ago it was possible for the author of ‘Jawaher’ to complete one series of jurisprudence by dint of hard labour of a life time.

So extensive has jurisprudence grown in our time, that it is not possible for any single person either to write or teach a full series of jurisprudence with research and interpretation. From this truth, it is easily known how Islam, in different periods of history, has forestalled the problems of change, revolution and newness and how it has held the jurists responsible in confronting these problems.

This is precisely the secret of Ijtihad that it should reconcile Islam with the demands of the Age. Thus Islam encompass all the decisions and injunctions that are to be issued and awarded till the Day of Judgment, and which decisions and injunctions, this world will need for its good fortune and for the completion of its evolution.

In “Al-Kafi” there is a whole book, the topic of which precisely is “All needs of mankind are covered by the holy book and the traditions “. The Holy Qur’an explains everything. The Imam states on oath that all the needs, that will arise during all ages for the Muslims, are to be found in Islam and that there is no room for any doubt about it.

This is not merely a claim. On the contrary it is a reality which has been acknowledged by the legal experts of the East and the West. They also accept the high teachings of Islam as a dynamic school of lasting legal system.

The esteemed philosopher of Europe, Santayana says that “the Code of Islamic Jurisprudence is so full of legal provisions that it has to be admitted that for the organization of Muslim Society it is a perfect legal system.”

Prof. Hockin, Professor of Philosophy in the Harvard University and a renowned American scholar in his famous book after criticizing the principles of Islamic Jurisprudence states:

The secret of progress for the Islamic countries does not be in aping the values and the ways of the Western life and to install them in their own life. Some people ask whether there is room for the creation of new thoughts in Islam and whether a stable and distinguished code could be framed as could agree with and be in conformity with the new needs and demands of life?

The answer to this query is that not only does Islam have the potential for every kind of progress but it also has greater capacity of evolution than other systems.

The difficulty of the Islamic countries is not that its system of life has no room for progress. The difficulty really is the deplorable lack of will on their part to derive any benefit from those provisions of the Islamic Code as admit of this evolution.

1. Sahih Muslim, vol. 2, p. 362, printed Isa al-Halabi; Sahib Tirmizi, vol. 5, p. 328, printed Darul Fikr, Beirut; Mustadrak al-Hakim, vol. 3, p. 148, printed Hyderabad.

2. See: Muhammad Ridha al-Muzaffar, The Faith of the Imamiyyah Shi'ah. Online at: https://www.al-islam.org/faith-imamiyyah-shiah-muhammad-ridha-al-muzaffar [9]

3. Al-Bayan fi Tafsiril Qur'an, p. 31-

4. Al-Kafi, chapter Fadha’il al-Qur'an.

5. Wasa’il ush-Shi'ah vol. 1, p. 370.

6. Usul al-Kafi.

7. Mir'atul Anwar.

8. Reinhart Pieter Anne Dozy (Leiden, Netherlands, 21 February 1820 – Leiden, 29 April 1883) was a Dutch scholar of French (Huguenot) origin, who was born in Leiden. He was an Orientalist scholar of Arabic language, history and literature.

9. al-Wasail, Vol. 1.

Chapter 5: Islamic Teachings

Islamic teachings cover the entire human life. On the whole, they are divided into two parts:

1. Man’s relation with Allah

2. Man’s relation with man

Acts Of Worship And Adoration

In acts of worship, man, by turning his mind to Allah and praying to Him with his heart, tries to make his soul transcend the material world. He tries to purge it of the impurities of sin and to cultivate high human qualities within himself.

He seeks the help of Allah, the Majestic and Almighty to overcome the causes of despair and despondency, and keeps remembering Him to maintain his own sense of responsibility towards Him. The Holy Qur’an says:

“And keep up prayer for my remembrance.” (20:14).

Hence it is evident that it is the worshipper himself whom the benefit of all acts of worship goes.

Instructional Effect Of Worship

Acts of worship are performed with particular attention and certain formalities. Allah does not require our worship. It is we, who through His worship and adoration obtain great moral and instructional benefits.

According to the well-known scientist, Alexis Carrel, when it is not possible to find any logical words to infuse hope, it is worship and prayer which generate a feeling of trust and enable man to face the complex problems of life with confidence. This feeling can manifest itself in everybody.

Worship leaves a definite mark on habits and manners, and for that purpose we must perform acts of worship regularly.

The societies which have killed the spirit of worship, usually are not safe from corruption and decay.

The effects of worship and adoration are so quick and wonderful that their manifestation can be felt physically.

According to the same scientist, the result of adoration can be established scientifically also. Acts of worship affect not only emotional, but also physical conditions and sometimes even heal bodily ailments in a few moments or a few days. Islamic acts of worship are very simple and easy to perform. There are ample facilities for the sick and the weak.

It is worth-noting that Islamic acts of worship, besides their emotional, psychological and moral effects, which have an individual aspect, produce remarkable social effects also1.

Salat, Prayer

Prayer which is one of the most important Islamic acts of worship and is performed five times every day and night with great simplicity and devotion, produces very significant moral and practical effects in strengthening the spirit of faith and purging worshippers’ head and heart of the impurities of sin. As one of its conditions is cleanliness, it enjoins upon every Muslim to keep his body and dress always clean and tidy2.

As the dress of the person performing prayer and the place where he is performing it must not have been acquired by unlawful means, it teaches man not to wrongfully encroach upon other’s property or to misappropriate it. As prayer is to be performed at the appointed timings, it teaches discipline and punctuality, and accustoms man to early rising which is the secret of the success of many world personalities.

We know that it is preferable to perform prayer in congregation at which all stand in a row without any distinction before Allah and carry out the significant and enthralling ritual in a brotherly manner. Congregational prayer is a lesson in equality, fraternity, harmony and unity.

Fast

Fasting is another Islamic act of worship, which teaches self-control and resistance to passion.

From the social point of view, it induces people to show practical sympathy to the deprived and the starving. Moreover, from the point of view of health and hygiene, its curative and preventive value cannot be denied.

It cleanses the bodily system internally and shakes off the unconsumed food material which usually takes the form of surplus fat and overweight, and become the cause of many diseases and discomforts. Fasting is a good precautionary measure against the incidence of a number of diseases. It has curative value too.

Pilgrimage (Hajj)

The holding of a great conference of world Muslims is another masterpiece of the Islamic teachings in respect of worship. The ceremonies of pilgrimage are so exciting, pure and interwoven with fraternity and equality that they deeply impress everyone without any exception.

This gathering in which even now every year more than a million Muslims from all quarters of the world take part, affords an opportunity to the people of all races, color, languages and nationalities to meet on a common ground without any discrimination. Its ceremonies take a man out of his material shell which is marked with harshness and antagonism, and lifts him to an atmosphere full of devotion and virtue. They soften the emotions and enliven the feelings.

The Hajj gatherings also serve the purpose of a national conference on a world level and contribute to Muslim homogeneity, both political and economic. They serve as a unifying force and a common bond among the Muslims belonging to diverse social segments, and provide them an opportunity to meet together and exchange ideas. A study of all acts of worship and devotion in Islam will show that every one of them has both moral and social aspects. This confirms what we said earlier that the benefit of all our acts of worship goes to ourselves.

Man’s Relation With Other Men

This part of Islamic teachings includes all social questions. Islam with its distinctive system teaches its adherents what they should be, how they should live and how they should discharge their duties to society.

The rights which a Muslim is enjoined upon to respect are very wide and varied. They extend from the rights of the teachers, of parents, of friends and neighbors, of brothers in religion, of fellow human beings, to the rights of the animals etc.

From the Islamic point of view man, being an organ of the social body, has so much importance that nothing can be equal to his life and blood. The Holy Qur’an says:

“He who killed any person, unless it be a person guilty of man slaughter or of spreading chaos in the land, should be looked upon as though he had slain all mankind, and he who saved the life of any person, should be regarded as though he had given life to all mankind.” (5:32).

There is no doubt that in view of the homogeneity of all the organs of the body of a human society, the loss of one individual effects the whole society and thus in a way, the individual and the society become identical.

The Holy Prophet has said that all the faithful are the organs of one body. If one organ suffers pain all other organs feel uneasy.

The celebrated poet, Saadi Shirazi, was inspired by this very Prophetic saying when he said in. his well-known couplet that all human beings are the organs of one another.

As we know, in Islam there is no problem of race, color or geographical region. It is possible that all human societies on the basis of adherence to a common ideology (Faith in Allah and the prophets and adherence to good deeds) set up a world government with one law and one policy in which all racial and geographical units may be submerged.

Relations Of Muslims With Non-Muslims

Here again Islamic teachings have two aspects;

1. To preserve Muslim Identity.

2. To establish peaceful relation with the non- Muslims.

With a view to maintaining the independence and solidarity of the Muslim society, arrangements have been made to save the Muslims from being merged in non-Muslim societies and to protect them against all alien influences in their vital affairs.

Hence instructions have been given that the Muslims must not completely rely on non-Muslims and must not disclose their secrets to them. The Holy Qur’an says:

“O Believers, do not take into your confidence any other than the people of your own community. For they never miss any opportunity for exploiting any weakness of yours.”(3:118).

Islam instructs the Muslims not to make friends with those who are hostile to Islam, unless they change their policy and give up their hostile attitude. The Holy Qur’an says:

“You will not find people who believe in Allah and the Last Day, making love with those who fight Allah and His Messenger. Even though the latter be their fathers or their sons or their brothers or their relations.” (58:22).

At the same time, with a view to enabling the Muslims to live as a powerful and active world unit and to be benefited by the positive aspects of others in a healthy atmosphere of mutual respect, Islam allows the Muslims to pursue a policy of peaceful co-existence with all people of the book (followers of the previous prophets). It even enjoins upon Muslims to protect them as a minority in Muslim countries and to respect their rights so long as they do not commit a crime.

Such minorities are known in Islamic jurisprudence as Ahl al-Zimmah (people of covenant). Anyhow, there are certain conditions which they have to observe strictly.

If the interests of the Muslims so demand, they can enter into treaties with the non-Muslims provided these treaties do not in any way endanger their self-respect, independence and interests. The Muslims are bound to strictly adhere to the treaties concluded by them and are not allowed to violate them unless they are violated first by the other party.

Adherence to treaties and agreements is a general rule of Islam. It is equally applicable in respect of both Muslims and non-Muslims. Violation of a treaty on the pretext that the other party is not Muslim is not allowed.

Islam Enjoins Universal Vigil

Every Muslim has two obligatory duties:

1. To invite others to do the right

2. To combat corruption

These two duties, which are known in Islamic jurisprudence as ‘Amr bil-Maruf’(exhortation to do good) and ‘Nahy anil-Munkar’ (restraint from doing evil) enjoin upon all Muslims to keep a constant watch on the society. If they find anybody deviating from the path of justice and truth, they must invite him to the right path and if they find anybody committing a crime or sin, they must restrain him from doing so.

This rule is considered to be an important law of Islam. In this respect, the Holy Qur’an says:

“You are the best community which has been raised for the guidance of mankind. You exhort the people to do good and restrain them from doing evil.” (3:110).

Imam Al-Sadiq (‘a) has said: “He who does not fight corruption, neither with his hand nor with his tongue or heart is pseudo alive.”

In fact, the performance of these two important duties is one of the obligations of collective life. In collective living, the happiness and misery of each member of the society is shared by all others and hence they cannot be indifferent to the conduct of fellow members.

Islam asks every Muslim to keep his social spirit fully alive and always have an eye on collective interests. It wants every individual to be responsible to all other members of the society and wants the society to be responsible to all the individuals. All Muslims should criticize and reform each other and play their role in the formation of a healthy society.

Islamic Economy

As the prosperity and moral and material well-being of the community is not possible without a rich and healthy economy, Islam, as a progressive religious system, has included this question in its program3.

A) Zakat

Islam, in order to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor, has legislated the law of zakat, and ordered the rich to pay a just share of their money and individual income as zakat to the public treasury (Bayt al-Mal).

The money, so collected, constitutes a very large amount which can play an important role in combating poverty, narrowing class gap and ensuring an over-all development. The leaders of Islam have said that the amount of zakat has been so precisely determined that if all those on whom zakat is due, pay it honestly, poverty can be totally uprooted.

Poverty exists only because a large number of people evade the obligation of this vital duty of theirs. The eight categories prescribed for the expenditure of the zakat money fully illustrate the aim and importance of this Islamic Law and throw light on its role in the formation of a healthy society.

The details of these eight categories have been given in the Holy Qur’an.

“Zakat is only for the poor, the needy and the officials appointed over them, those whose hearts are made to include (to truth) and the ransoming of the captives and those in debt and in the way of Allah, and the way farers; an ordinance from Allah and Allah is All knowing and All wise.” (9:60).

It is to be noted that the term, in the way of Allah is very wide and covers all development projects as well as such items as education, health and construction of bridges, roads, hospitals and schools.

B) Khums

“Khums”means payment of 20% percent of surplus income in a year, i. e. 20 per cent of what is left of the total annual income after meeting all expenses of that year. It is an Islamic tax which is levied to meet the requirements of collective life such as help to the needy, eradication of poverty, propagation of Islam and all other material and moral needs of the Muslim society.

Khums is due only on the surplus and not the entire income. Hence, those whose expenditure is more than or equal to their income do not have to pay anything on this account. Only those whose income exceeds their expenditure should pay 20 per cent of the surplus to the public treasury. The money so realized comes to a considerable amount and enables the Muslims to solve many of their religious, social and material problems.

Khums is not confined to the earned income only. It is also levied on what is obtained from mines, what is extracted from the sea by means of diving and on buried treasure dug out of the earth and not owned by anybody. It is also due on spoils of war. In all these cases it is levied on the total income. Only production expenses are deducted.

The details of the way how income derived from khums is to be distributed and the categories of its expenditure are given in the Islamic jurisprudence and are beyond the scope of this book.

C) Charity

Spending in the way of Allah is not obligatory, but Islam has attached much importance to it. There are many verses in the Holy Qur’an on this subject.

Charity is one of the factors which help in the equitable distribution of wealth and eradication of poverty. Alms may be given for individuals or charitable objects. Distribution of alms through charitable institutions according to a well-laid out program and under the supervision of God-fearing people is an effective way of helping the poor.

D. Wakf (Endowment)

Creation of endowments helps in the equitable distribution of wealth and prevents its concentration in the hands of a few. There are two kinds of endowments:

1. Public
2. Private

In the case of private endowments, the beneficiaries are only a few individuals or a limited class such as the children or descendants of the grantor.

In the case of public endowments, which are far more common, the corpus of the donated property is transferred to the public or a large class of society and becomes a part of public property. Islam has encouraged the creation of endowments and the Imams themselves have set an example in this respect.

Through endowments a large portion of Private property is turned into public property and thus it becomes available for the service of the masses. This in itself is a big step towards just and even distribution of wealth.

How Wealth Is Created?

From the Islamic point of view the true and absolute ownership of all things belongs to Allah alone.

He owns everything that exists in the universe. His ownership is real and has creative aspect, because He is the Creator and Sustainer of everything.

“Whatever exists in the heavens and the earth belongs to Him.” (2:255).

Hence others can become owners only with His permission and in accordance with His laws and commands.

Private Ownership

Islam respects private ownership and considers that everybody is the owner of the fruits of his own labor. It recognizes labor as the basis of ownership. This is a natural law which has been endorsed by Islam. Everybody is the natural owner of his self and his mental and physical faculties. As his products are in reality only a crystallization of his existing faculties, he is the owner of the products of his labor.

Rehabilitation And Acquisition

“He, who brings barren land under cultivation, is the owner of it.” This is a saying of the Holy Prophet (S).

Acquiring minerals and other natural resources before anybody else discovers them is another cause of ownership. According to Islamic law, he who acquires it, is the owner. As bringing barren land under cultivation and acquiring natural resources involve labor, it is clear that labor is the main factor in creating wealth.

Of course, the Islamic government has a right to arrange the cultivation of barren land and the excavation of mineral resources on its own and to utilize the return for the benefit of the general public.

Islam attaches great importance to the right of the workers. According to Islamic traditions, ignoring the rights of a worker is an unpardonable sin. A well-known tradition says that the Holy Prophet raised a worker’s hand which had swollen as the result of hard work and said: “This is the hand which is liked by Allah and His Prophet.”

Circulation Of Wealth

Islam has imposed special taxes on the stagnant wealth, which is not in circulation (such as Zakat on coined gold and silver after the completion of one year), and thus has taken a practical step to encourage circulation of wealth. The Holy Qur’an has condemned the hoarders and those who keep their wealth stagnant and do not utilize it for the benefit of the people.

Further, the Islamic traditions much encourage commerce, agriculture, cattle breeding and setting up of industries. In authentic books of Hadith, many traditions are found which clearly show that Islam aims at the maximum mobilization of all human and financial resources for the benefit of the people on the whole.

Usury And Interest- Free Loan

To stimulate productivity, Islam strictly forbids usury so that no body may live on interest without doing any productive work.

Usury upsets the balance of wealth and widens the gap between the haves and have-nots. It makes the rich richer and the poor poorer. Islam says that usury is a mortal sin, and nobody and become the owner of the money earned through practicing it. The money thus earned must be returned to its rightful owner.

There are two kinds of usury and both of them are forbidden.

1. Loan Usury
2. Trade Usury

Lending money on the condition that it will be aid back with something added to it, is called usury. It is immaterial whether the rate of Interest is large or small, or whether it is paid in cash or in kind. Anyhow, there is no harm if the debtor willingly pays anything out of goodwill without any prior condition.

Trade means selling of a thing in exchange for another of the same kind, but with a difference in quantity. For example to sell 10 kilograms of good quality wheat in exchange for 12 kilograms of medium quality wheat will constitute usury. Detailed conditions of such forbidden deals are given in books of Islamic law.

Interest -Free Loan

Islam exhorts people to give as much interest free Loan as is possible. According to certain traditions, this is such an act of virtue that its reward will be more than that of alms (free aid in the way of Allah). Probably the reason is that many of those who seek loans are respectable people who.

Even when they are badly in need of money, do not condescend to accept free aid or alms, because they consider doing that, below their dignity and position, whereas the persons who accept do not have such scruples. For this reason, giving interest-free loan is considered more rewarding.

At the same time, Islam allows the creditors to require the deposit of adequate security with them up to the full value of the loan. In case a debtor fails to pay up the loan, the creditor is allowed to deduct an equal amount from the security and return the remainder to its owner.

Giving interest-free loans is effective in the cultivation of friendship and love and in removing complexes which often exist between high income and low-income individuals. This is the simplest form of service which the well- off people can render to the less fortunate.

Jihad And Defence In Islam

The question of Jihad occupies a special place in the Muslim law. In fact, a progressive and compact system cannot be complete without such provisions.

Owing to its misinterpretation by ill-informed persons, the inclusion of the question of Jihad in Islamic teachings has given rise to much hostile propaganda and has provided a pretext to its opponents to say that Islam is a religion of sword and force. Even well-known writers have been misled. Macdonald in his encyclopedia asserts that the propagation of Islam by sword and force is one of the religious duties of every Muslim.

As the nature and aim of Jihad become clear, not only the hollowness of such criticism becomes obvious, but also the depth, purity and dynamism of the teachings of Islam and their capacity to serve human society in varying circumstances becomes evident. To prove this truth, we draw the attention of the readers to the follow-points.

Pacifist Spirit Of Islam Is Not Opposed To Fighting Imposed Wars

Jihad literally means effort and striving. In Islamic sources also, this word has been used in the sense of every kind of intellectual, physical. Financial and moral effort for the promotion of divine and human objectives.

But technically it means an armed struggle for the protection and progress of the Islamic system.

Now let us see what are the occasions on which such struggles become unavoidable.

Fight against the mischievous elements that consider the spread of a system of justice and truth a threat to their interests and take a stand to exterminate it, is unavoidable. So long as such elements exist in the world, supporters of truth and justice have no alternative but to defend their objectives and their own existence.

In fact, war, in this case, is forced upon the believers in Allah and in social justice against their will, Islam cannot avoid such situations.

Nevertheless, the pacifist spirit of Islam and its abstinence from using force in dealing with those who do not resort to aggression, antagonism and injustice, are evident from many passages of the Holy Qur’an.

“Allah does not prohibit you, in respect of those who have not fought you on account of the faith and who have not turned you out of your homes from showing them goodness and being just towards them.” (60:8).

“Surely Allah loves the just. He only orders you as against those who have fought you on account of the faith and who have turned you out of your homes and who have assisted others in your being turned out that you should be friendly towards them. And whoever be friend them, they are people who are unjust.” (60:9).

At another place, the Holy Qur’an expressly says that if the enemy lays down arms and shows peaceful intention, the Muslims have no right to be hostile to them.

“If they leave you alone and desist from fighting against you and make overtures for peace to you, in that case Allah has left you no cause for aggression against them.” (4:90).

In another verse, the Holy Prophet (S) is told:

“If enemies incline to peace, you should also incline to it.” (8:61).

Perhaps no other religion has expressed its peaceful disposition in such clear terms. But Islam’s pacifism must not be interpreted to mean that the Muslims are allowed not to take action against those who force large sections of the world people to live under colonial conditions or a state of idolatry, or to watch aggression against their country as idle spectators.

Jihad In The Way Of Allah And Its Aims

In Islamic sources, the word, ‘Jihad’ has mostly been used in association with the phrase, in the way of Allah. This means that Jihad cannot be waged for base desires, territorial expansion, imperialistic aims, for obtaining spoils of war and the like. The aim of Jihad must always be divine with no personal, material or selfish interest being involved. On the whole, the aims of Islamic Jihad can be summarized in the following few points, while dealing with them we will also try to refute the objections of the opponents.

Defending The Existence Of The True System

The most important aim of Islamic jihad is the defense of the divine system of truth and justice and the preservation of its outstanding features. During the time of the Prophet, most of the battles were fought for this very purpose. The Holy Qur’an expressly says:

“Permission to fight is given to those against whom war has been declared, because they have been wronged and surely Allah is competent of helping them; those who have been expelled from their homes without just cause, but because they say that our Lord is Allah. And were not Allah to repel some men by means of the others surely, the monasteries, the synagogues, the temples of the Magians and the masjids in which Allah’s name is frequently mentioned, would have been ruined.” (22:39).

Thus whenever the national sovereignty of the Muslims and their independence and integrity are endangered, it is their duty to stand up to the enemies and defend themselves to the last. It is interesting that in this verse the defense of all places of worship has been given equal importance, which is another sign of the peaceable spirit of Islam.

Anyhow, it should be noted that Islam shows neither tolerance towards idol-worship, nor does it recognize idolatry as neither a religion, nor the temples of idol- worshippers as place of worship. It regards idolatry as a sort of superstition, falsehood, intellectual decadence and a disease which must be remedied. That is why Islam has allowed the destruction of the temples of idol - worshippers.

Fight With The Opposing Elements

A heavenly system, as a new ideology, has a right to enjoy freedom of propagation and be able to spread in a normal manner through preaching. If certain elements such as idolaters, finding their unlawful interests in danger, in order to prevent the spread of the new system, oppose it and try to keep the people in ignorance and no peaceful solution of the problem is found possible. Islam allows a fight against such elements.

Some of the early battles of Islam were of this nature, to which there is a reference in the Qur’anic verse quoted above. Freedom of preaching and logical spread of the true system is another aim of Islamic jihad.

Combating Injustice And Corruption

Owing to the uncompromising hostility of Islam to injustice and corruption, if no peaceful way is left, Jihad is allowed to put an end to in justice and tyranny and to rescue the weak and the helpless from the clutches of the tyrants such as were the usurers of Mecca.

Certain early battles of Islam were of this nature also. The Holy Qur’an says:

“Why should you not fight in the way of Allah for the sake of those helpless men, women, and children, who being weak have been oppressed and are crying out, “Our Lord, deliver us from this habitation whose inhabitants are unjust oppressors and raise a protector for us by Your grace and a helper from Yourself.” (4:75).

Preparedness For Jihad

So long as might and force rule over international relations and a possibility of the Muslim society being subjected to aggression exists, Islam enjoins up on the Muslims to maintain a state of complete preparedness to be able to defend themselves.

The Holy Qur’an has given clear instructions in this respect and in a short sentence has expressed all that was required:

“And to encounter them (the enemies) provide whatever force you can afford.” (8:60).

Though expenditure on armaments is considered least desirable and most unproductive, Islam has considered it not only essential in the case of need, but also has named it financial Jihad. Anyhow, it is not possible to eradicate aggression and war in the world simply by strengthening military organization and acquiring armaments.

Though to do so is also essential and has a security aspect, yet it sometimes enhances the possibility of the out-break of war. Therefore; Islam proposes that the basic way of securing permanent peace should be to strengthen faith and morality,

“O Believers, enter all of you into peace.” (2:208).

This means that the only way to enjoy peace and security is that all enter into the domain of faith, virtue and acknowledgement of Allah. It is in this domain alone that every one regards the others as his brethren respects them and believes that all are slaves of Allah and all are loved by Him.

It is in this domain that everybody should look at others’ interests as his own. Everybody should like for others what he likes for himself and dislike for others what he dislikes for himself. It is here that toleration and sacrifice in the way of Allah and for the sake of Allah are considered to be the most distinguished and prominent human qualities.

Observance Of Human Rules While Dealing With The Enemy

While many people think that the very word enemy is enough justification for all kinds of excessive violence and inhuman acts, Islam with its detailed fair and firm teachings leaves no doubt that even conflict with the enemy must not go beyond the framework of the rules of human morality, for every kind of violation of these rules amounts to exceeding the limits prescribed by Allah.

The following precise instructions which the Prophet used to give to the soldiers, and mujahids before they proceeded to the battle field, fully show Islam’s peaceful disposition and the Prophet’s deep insight.

“March in the name of Allah and seek His help. Fight for His sake and in accordance with His commands.”

“Don’t practice deceit or fraud. Don’t embezzle the spoils of war. Don’t mutilate the body of an enemy after he is killed. Don’t harm the woman, the children and the aged. Don’t interfere with the monks and hermits who live in monasteries and caves.

Don’t unnecessarily cut down trees. Don’t burn the date-palm groves of the enemy and don’t submerge them in water. Don’t destroy fruit-bearing trees and don’t put the enemy crops to fire. Don’t kill the useful animals except for your food. Don’t poison the enemy water. Don’t resort to trickery and don’t launch a surprise night assault.”

Islam forbids every resort to inhuman means of fighting such as night assault, microbial warfare, incineration of cattle, crops and gardens and killing and injuring unarmed personnel. In the Islamic rules of warfare, instruction has been repeatedly given that the Muslims must not shoot the first arrow and they must not launch the first attack. This means that they should not attack unless they are attacked. Their war should be defensive and not offensive.

We find that the Commander of the Faithful, Imam ‘Ali (‘a) used to give instructions that every effort should be made that fighting did not start before noon and if possible it was delayed till late afternoon so that the sunset, the time when fighting normally stops, might not be long in coming, and there be less bloodshed.

The directions given by the leaders of Islam (Imams) with regard to the treatment to be meted out to the prisoners of war is yet another proof of the necessity of the observance of rules of human morality even while dealing with the enemy. The prisoners of war are to be treated with kindness and are to be provided with the same food and drink as are partaken of by the Muslims.

Penal Code Of Islam

It is true that correct training and existence of the living spirit of faith and human morality in any society forestalls many excesses and vices. Nevertheless, the establishment and consolidation of social justice is not possible without a strong judiciary. In every society there exist some such miscreants and unruly persons that the light of faith and morality alone cannot remove the darkness of their spirit. They are not subdued without the existence of a strong and fair judiciary

That is why Islam, in order to enforce its program of social justice, has riot limited itself to moral counsels and spiritual training only but has visualized the formation of a strong judiciary to back its teachings.

Judicial System Of Islam

Among the qualities of a judge, two points are most important:

1. He should have complete knowledge of all the details of law.

2, He should possess the qualities of justice, virtue and honesty.

As or the equality of all before the court, Islam directs the Qazi (judge or magistrate) to treat both the parties of a law suit equally. The Qazi must observe complete equality even in acts of ordinary courtesy such as speaking to the parties, looking at them or making them sit or stand.

There must be no discrimination between the litigants on account of their social status.

The leaders of Islam (Imam) have described the office of a Qazi as of great importance and responsibility but at the same time, very risky. Even the slightest lapse on his part is enough to degrade him from his high position.

The Prophet of Islam has said that the tongue of a Qazi is between two flames. This means that if he shows any bias towards one or the other party, he will be burnt.

In Islam accepting a bribe and perverting judgment in favor of a briber are deadly sins. The Holy Prophet has said: “He who gives bribe, he who takes it and he who goes between them, all will go to hell.”

The judicial system of Islam is very exact and detailed and occupies a special position among judicial systems of the world today4.

In the books of Islamic jurisprudence, there exists a special chapter on judicature, which deals with all the principles and details of administration of justice. and describes the qualifications of a Qazi, qualifications of witnesses, the way to file a suit, the arguments which the parties can advance in their favor and the like.

The instructions issued by Imam ‘Ali (‘a) and contained in his famous letter addressed to Malik Ashtar, Governor of Egypt, throw light on some of the above points and show the importance which Islam attaches to the high office of the Qazi. This subject has been fully elucidated in chapter VII of this book.

Criminal Laws

Punishment to be meted out to offenders must be just as well as deterrent. At the same time, there should be a scope for reducing the punishment in the case of repentant and those induced to commit crime in ignorance or through inexperience. Punishments prescribed in Islam satisfy all the three aspects.

For example, in the case of willful murder, the prescribed punishment is a death sentence. The Holy Qur’an says:

“O men of the understanding, there is security of life for you in the law of retribution.” (2:179).

But at the same time, the Holy Qur’an allows the heirs of the murdered person to forgive the murderer and accept blood money (diyat).

Similarly in the case of certain crimes against chastity, if the offender before being sentenced by the court genuinely repents and is prepared to pay damages, he can be forgiven. According to Islamic teachings, the best way to eradicate crimes is to concentrate efforts on moral training so that the people may always be conscious of recompense and retribution on the Day of Resurrection.

But, if in spite of such efforts, a crime is committed, then it should severely dealt with. Islam is against those who succumb to false emotions, and hesitate to accept the justification of death sentence in the case of willful murderers and other punishment in the case of other transgressors, such people practically give preference to the interests of criminal over the interest of the society.

Experience shows that any leniency towards hard baked criminals helps in spreading corruption, and is certainly detrimental to the security of the society

Some people may criticize certain parts of Islamic criminal law and regard them as unduly harsh, but fact is not so. Severe action is taken only in the case of very serious crimes and only in cases where moral and social security of the nation is endangered. Such instances are found in other legal systems also.

At the most, some societies may not regard such questions as combating unchastity as vital, whereas, Islam, with its subtle insight, attaches to them utmost importance.

Other systems may consider some other questions vital.

Though some of the Islamic punishments sometimes look very harsh, the proof of the connected crimes is so difficult and depends upon such conditions that more than one or two convictions are hardly possible in a year.

Thus though, the deterrent nature of these punishments produces good moral effect and strikes terror among potential transgressors, yet practically very few are affected by them.

It must be fully realized that Islamic laws and other Islamic teachings which aim at protecting human rights and relations and preventing corruption and aggression, form one homogenous unit and can be fully effective only if they are all enforced simultaneously.

First of all an atmosphere should be created where Islamic teachings concerning moral training and social welfare are implemented. In such an atmosphere, the incidence of crimes and offences will be greatly diminished and consequently there will be fewer occasions when it will be necessary to inflict any punishment.

As is well-known, most of the crimes are the result of incorrect upbringing and various material and social privations. With the elimination of such factors, incidence of crimes will certainly be reduced.

The result will be that the number of those, whom punishment is meted out, will gradually go down, and with that the disgust which some people feel at the idea of harsh punishment being inflicted on an apparently large number of persons will also disappear.

But, of course, this does not mean that if in any particular atmosphere, a part of Islamic program in the fields of moral training or eradication of poverty is not being implemented, the rest should be totally ignored. All we mean is to emphasize that all items of Islamic program are closely interlinked, and if they are enforced simultaneously, they will produce the best result.

1. For details please refer to Ayatullah Muhammad Baqir as-Sadr, The Revealer, The Messenger, The Message, online at: https://www.al-islam.org/revealer-messenger-message-sayyid-muhammad-baqi... [10]

2. For details please refer to: Allamah Mahdi Asifi, Salat.

3. For details please refer to Ayatullah Muhammad Baqir as-Sadr, Islam And Schools of Economics, ISP 1980.

4. See: Philosophy of Islam, ISP 1982.

Chapter 6: Administration In Islam

Letter Written By Imam Ali (‘A) To Malik Al-Ashtar

The following instructions in the form of a letter were written by Imam ‘Ali (‘a) to Malik al-Ashtar, whom he had appointed as a Governor of Egypt in the year 657 A. D. (approximately). There is a main central idea running throughout these instructions, like one single thread out of which a cloth is woven, and that is of Allah. The government is of Allah. The governors and the governed are both creatures of Allah.

This letter is based on the principles of administration as taught by the Holy Qur’an. It is a code to establish a kind and benevolent rule, throwing light on various aspects of justice, benevolence and mercy, an order based on the ethics of a benign and pious ruler ship, where justice and mercy is shown to human beings irrespective of class, creed and color, where poverty is neither a stigma nor a disqualification and where justice is not tarred with nepotism, favoritism, provincialism or religious fanaticism and on the other hand it is a thesis on the higher values of morality.

***

In the Name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.

Be it known to you, O Malik, that I am sending you as Governor to a country which in the past has experienced both just and unjust rule. Men will scrutinize your actions with a searching eye, even as you used to scrutinize the actions of those before you and speak of you even as you did speak of them.

The fact is that the public speak well of only those who do good. It is they who furnish the proof of your actions. Hence the richest treasure that you may covet should be the treasure of good deeds. Keep your desires under control and deny yourself that which you have been prohibited against. By such abstinence alone, you will be able to distinguish between what is good and what is not.

Develop in your heart the feeling of love for your people and let it be the source of kindliness and blessing to them. Do not behave with them like a barbarian, and do not appropriate to yourself that which belongs to them.

Remember that the citizens of the state are of two categories. They are either your brethren in religion or your brethren in kind. They are subject to infirmities and liable to commit mistakes. Some indeed do commit mistakes, but forgive them even as you would like God to forgive you.

Bear in mind that you are placed over them, even as I am placed over you. And then there is God even above him who has given you the position of a Governor in order that you may look after those under you and to be sufficient unto them. Remember! You will be judged by what you do for them.

Do not set yourself against God for neither do you possess the strength to shield yourself against His displeasure, nor can you place yourself outside the pale of His mercy and forgiveness. Do not feel sorry over any act of forgiveness, nor rejoice over any punishment that you may meet out to anyone. Do not rouse yourself to anger, for no good will come out of it.

Do not say: “I am your overlord and dictator, and that you should therefore, bow to my commands,” as that will corrupt your heart, weaken your faith in religion and create disorder in the state. Should you be elated by power, or feel in your mind the slightest symptoms of pride and arrogance, then look at the power and majesty of the Divine Governance of the Universe over which you have absolutely no control.

It will restore the sense of balance to your wayward intelligence and give you the sense of calmness and affability. Beware! Never put yourself against the majesty and grandeur of God and never imitate His omnipotence, for God has brought low every rebel of God and every tyrant of man.

Let your mind respect through your actions the rights of God and the rights of man, and likewise, persuade your companions and relations to do the same. For, otherwise, you will be doing injustice to yourself and injustice to humanity.

Thus, both man and God will become your enemies. There is no hearing anywhere for one who makes an enemy of God himself. He will be regarded as one at war with God until he repents and seeks forgiveness. Nothing deprives man of divine blessings nor excites divine wrath against him more easily than oppression. Hence it is that God listens to the voice of the oppressed and waylays the oppressor.

The Common Man

Maintain justice in administration and impose it on your own self and seek the consent of the people, for, the discontent of the masses sterilizes the contentment of the privileged few and the discontent of the few loses itself in the contentment of the many. Remember! The privileged few will not rally round you in moments of difficulty.

They will try to side-track justice. They will ask for more than what they deserve and will show no gratitude for favors done to them. They will feel restive in the face of trials and will offer no regret for their short comings. It is the common man who is the strength of the State and of Religion. It is he who fights the enemy. So, live in close contact with the masses and be mindful of their welfare.

Keep at a distance, he who exposes the weakness of others. After all, the masses are not free from weaknesses. It is the duty of the ruler to shield them. Do not bring to light that which is hidden, but try to remove those weaknesses which have been brought to light. God is watchful of everything that is hidden from you, and He alone will deal with it.

Cover up the faults of the public to the best of your ability so that God may cover up your faults which you want to keep hidden from the public eye. Untie every knot of hatred for the people and cut asunder every string of enmity between them. Protect yourself from every such act as may not be quite correct for you. Do not make haste in seeking confirmation of tale-telling, for the tale teller is a deceitful person appearing in the garb of a friend.

The Counsellors

Never take counsel of a miser, for, he will vitiate your magnanimity and frighten you of poverty. Do not take counsel of a coward also, for, he will weaken your resolutions. Do not take counsel of the greedy too, for, he will instill greed in you and turn you into a tyrant. Miserliness, cowardice and greed deprive man of his trust in God.

The worst counselor is he who has served as a counselor to unjust rulers and shared their crimes. So, never let men who have been companions of tyrants or have shared their crimes be your counselors. You can get better men than these.

Men gifted with intelligence and foresight, but unpolluted by sin, men who have never aided a tyrant in his tyranny nor a criminal in his crime. Such men will never be a burden to you. On the other hand, they will be a source of help and strength to you at all times.

They will be friends to you and strangers to your enemies. Choose such men alone for companionship both in private and in public. Even among these, show preference to those who have a habitual regard for truth, however, trying to you at times their truth may prove to be, and who offer you no encouragement in the display of tendencies which God does not like his friends to develop.

Keep close to you the upright and the God fearing, and make clear to them that they are never to flatter you and never to give you credit for any good that you may not have done, for, the tolerance of flattery and unhealthy praise stimulates pride in man and makes him arrogant.

Do not treat the good and the bad alike. That will deter the good from doing good, and encourage the bad in their bad pursuits. Recompense every one according to his deserts. Remember that mutual trust and good will between the ruler and the ruled are bred only through benevolence, justice and service.

So, cultivate goodwill amongst the people; for, their goodwill alone will save you from troubles. Your benevolence to them will be repaid by the trust in you, and your ill-treatment by their ill will

Do not disregard the noble traditions set by our forbearers which have promoted harmony and progress among the people; and do not initiate anything which might minimize their usefulness. The men who had established those noble traditions have had their reward; but responsibility will be yours they are discarded.

Try always to learn something from the experience of the learned and wise, and frequently consult them in state matters so that you might maintain the peace and goodwill which your predecessors had established in the land.

The Different Classes Of People

Remember that the people are composed of different classes. The progress of one is dependent on the progress of every other; and none can afford to, independent of the other. We have the Army forced of the soldiers of God. We have our civil office and their establishments, our judiciary, our revenue collectors and our public relation officers.

The general public itself consists of Muslims and Dhimmi and among them are merchants and craftsmen, unemployed and the indigent. God has prescribed for them their several rights, duties and obligations. They are all defined and preserved in the Book of God and in the traditions of His Prophet.

The Army, by the grace of God, is like a fortress to the people and lends dignity to the state. It upholds the prestige of the Faith and maintains the peace of the country. Without it the state cannot stand. In its turn. it cannot stand without the support of the state.

Our soldiers have proved strong before the enemy because of the privilege God has given them to fight for Him, but they have their material needs to fulfill and have therefore to depend upon the income provided for them from the state revenue.

The military and the civil population who pay revenue, both need the cooperation of others--the judiciary, civil officers and their establishment. The Qazi administers civil and criminal law ; the civil officers collect revenue and attend to civil administration with the assistance of their establishment.

And then there are the tradesmen and the merchants who add to the revenue of the state. It is they who run the markets and are in a better position than others to discharge social obligations. Then there is the class of the poor and the needy, whose maintenance is an obligation on the other classes.

God has given appropriate opportunity of service to one and all; then there are the rights of all these classes over the administration which the administrator has to meet with an eye to the good of the entire population a duty which he cannot fulfill properly unless he takes personal interest in its execution and seeks help from, God. Indeed, it is obligatory on him to impose this duty on himself, and to bear with patience the inconveniences and difficulties incidental to his task.

The Army

Be particularly mindful of the welfare of those in the army, who in your opinion, are staunchly faithful to their God and Prophet and loyal to their chief, and who in the hour of passion can restrain themselves and listen coolly to sensible remonstrance, and who can succour the weak and smite the strong, whom violent provocation will not throw into violent temper and who will not falter at any stage.

Keep yourself in close contact with families of established reputation and integrity and with a glorious past, and draw to yourself men brave and upright in character, generous and benevolent in disposition; for, such are the select of the society.

Care for them with the tenderness with which you care for your children, and do not talk before them of any good that you might have done to them, nor disregard any expression of affection which they show in return; for, such conduct inspires loyalty, devotion and goodwill.

Attend to every little want of theirs not resting content with what general help that you might have given to them, for sometimes, timely attention to a little want of theirs brings them immense relief. Surely these people will not forget you in your own hour of need.

It behooves you to select for your Commander-in-chief one who imposes on himself, as a duty, the task of rendering help to his men, and who can excel in kindness every other officer who has to attend to the needs of the men under him, and look after their families when they are away from their homes; so much so, that the entire army should feel united in their joys and in their sorrows. This unity of purpose will give them added strength against the enemy.

Continue to maintain a kindly attitude towards them so that they might feel ever attached to you. The fact is that the real happiness of the administrators and their most pleasant comfort lies in establishing justice in the state and maintaining affectionate relations with the people. Their sincerity of feeling is expressed in the love and regard they show to you, on which alone depends the safety of the administrators.

Your advice to the army will be of no avail, unless and until you show affection both men and officers, in order that they might not regard the Government as an oppressive burden or contribute to its downfall.

Continue to satisfy their needs and praise them over and over again for what services they have rendered. Such an attitude, God willing, will inspire the brave to braver actions and induce the timid deeds of bravery.

Try to enter into the feelings of others and do not foist the mistake of one on another and do not grudge dispensing appropriate regards. See to it, you do not show favours to one who has achieved nothing but merely counts on his family position, and do not withhold proper reward from one who has done great deeds simply because he holds a low position in life.

The Real Guidance

Turn to God and to His Prophet for guidance whenever you feel uncertain regarding your actions. There is the commandment of God delivered to those people whom He wishes to guide aright:

“O people of the Faith! Obey God and obey His Prophet and obey those from among you who hold authority over you. And refer to God and His Prophet whenever there is difference of opinion among you.” (4:59).

To turn to God is in reality to consult the Book of God; and turn to the Prophet is to follow his universally accepted traditions.

Chief Judge

Select as your chief judge from the people one who is by far the best among them one who is not obsessed with domestic worries, one who cannot be intimidated, one who does not err too often, one who does not turn back from right path once he finds it; one who is not self-centered or avaricious, one who will not decide before knowing the full facts, one who will weigh with care every attendant doubt and pronounce a clear verdict after taking everything into full consideration ; one who will not grow restive over the arguments of advocates and who will examine with patience every new disclosure of fact and who will be strictly impartial in his decision; one whom flattery cannot mislead; one who does not exult over his position. But it is not easy to find such a man.

Once you have selected the right man for the office, pay him handsomely enough, to let him live in comfort and in keeping with his position, enough to keep him above temptations. Give him a position in your court so high that none can even dream of coveting it and so high that neither back biting nor intrigue can touch him.

Subordinate Judiciary

Beware! The utmost carefulness is to be exercised in his selection: for it is this high office which adventurous self-seekers aspire to secure and exploit in their selfish interests. After the selection of your chief judge, give careful consideration to the selection of other officers. Confirm them in their appointments after approved apprenticeship and probation.

Never select men for responsible posts either out of any regard for personal connections or under any influence, for that might lead to injustice and corruption.

Of these, select for higher posts, men of experience, men firm in faith and belonging to good families. Such men will not fall an easy prey to temptations and will discharge their duties with an eye on the abiding good of others.

Increase their salaries to give them a contented life. A contented living is a help to self-purification. They will not feel the urge to tax the earnings of their subordinates for their own upkeep. They will then have no excuse either to go against your instructions or misappropriate state funds. Keep a watch over them without their knowledge.

Perchance they may develop true honesty and true concern for the public welfare. But whenever any of them is accused of dishonesty, and the guilt is confirmed by the report of your secret service, then regard this as sufficient to convict him. Let the punishment be corporal and let that be dealt with in public at an appointed place of degradation.

Revenue Administration

Great care is to be exercised in revenue administration, to ensure the prosperity of those who pay the revenue to the state; for, on their prosperity depends the prosperity of others, particularly the prosperity of the masses. Indeed, the state exists on its revenue. You should regard the proper un- keep of the land in cultivation as of greater importance than the collection of revenue, for revenue cannot be derived except by making the land productive.

He who demands revenue without helping the cultivator to improve his land, inflicts unmerited hardship on the cultivator and ruins the State. The rule of such a person does not last long. If the cultivators ask for reduction of their land tax for having suffered from epidemics or drought or excess of rains or the barrenness of the soil or floods damaging their crops, then reduce the tax accordingly, so that their condition might improve.

Do not mind the loss of revenue on that account for that will return to you one day manifold in the hour of greater prosperity of the land and enable you to improve the condition of your towns and to raise the prestige of your state. You will be the object of universal praise.

The people will believe in your sense of justice. The confidence which they will place in you in consequence will prove your strength, as they will be found ready to share your burdens.

You may settle down on the land any number of people, but discontent will overtake them if the land is not improved. The cause of the cultivators’ ruin is the rulers who are bent feverishly on accumulating wealth at all costs, out of the fear that their rule might not last long. Such are the people who do not learn from examples or precedents.

Clerical Establishment

Keep an eye on your establishment and your scribes and select the best among them for your confidential correspondence, such among these as possess high character and deserve your full confidence, men Who may not exploit their privileged position to go against you, and who may not grow neglectful of their duties, and who in the drafting of treaties may not succumb to eternal temptation and harm your interests, or fail to render you proper assistance and to save you from trouble, and who in carrying out their duties can realize their serious responsibilities, for he who does not realize his own responsibilities can hardly appraise the responsibilities of others.

Do not select men for such work merely on the strength of. your first impressions of affection or good faith; for as a matter of fact, the pretensions of a good many who are really devoid of honesty and good breeding may cheat even the intelligence of the rulers. Selection should be made after due probation -probation which should be the test of righteousness.

In making direct appointments from people, see to it that those selected possess influence with the people and who enjoy the reputation of being honest; for such selection is agreeable both to God and the Ruler. For every department of administration, let there be a head, which no trying task might cause worry and no pressure of work annoy.

And remember that every weakness of anyone among your establishment and scribe which you may overlook will be written down against you in your scroll of deeds.

Trade And Industry

Adopt useful schemes placed before those engaged in trade and industry, and help them with wise counsels. Some of them live in towns, and some move from place to place with their ware and tools and earn their living by manual labor.

Trade and Industry are sources of profit to the State. While the general public are not inclined to bear the strain, those engaged in these professions take the trouble to collect commodities from far and near, from land and from across the sea, and from mountains and forests and naturally derive benefits,

It is this class of peace-loving people from whom no disturbance need be feared. They love peace and order. Indeed they are incapable of creating discord. Visit every part of the country and establish personal contact with this class, and enquire into their condition. But bear in mind that a good many of them are intensely greedy and are inured to bad dealings.

They hoard grain and try to sell it at a high price and this is most harmful to the public. It is a blot on the name of the ruler not to light this evil. Prevent them from hoarding; for the Prophet of God-Peace be on him- had prohibited it. See to it that trade is carried on with the utmost ease, that the scales are evenly held and that prices are so fixed that neither the seller nor the buyer is put to a loss. And if, in spite of your warning, should anyone go against your commands and commit the crime of hoarding, then inflict upon him a severe punishment.

The Poor

Beware! Fear God when dealing with the problem of the poor who have none to patronize them, who are forlorn, indigent and helpless and are greatly torn in mind- victims to the vicissitudes of time. Among them there are some who do not question their lot in life and who notwithstanding their misery, do not go about seeking alms.

For God’s sake, safeguard their rights; for on you rests the responsibility of protecting their interest. Assign for their uplift a portion of the state exchequer. (Bayt al-Mal), wherever they may be, whether close at hand or far away from you.

The rights of the two should be equal in your eye. Do not let any preoccupations slip them from your mind; for no excuse whatsoever for the disregard of their rights will be acceptable to God. Do not treat their interests as of less importance than your own, and never keep them outside the purview of your important considerations, and mark the persons who look down upon them and of whose condition they keep you in ignorance.

Select from among your officers such men as are upright and God fearing and who can keep you properly informed of the condition of the poor.

Make such provision for these poor people as shall not oblige you to offer an excuse before God on the Day of Judgment; for, it is this section of the people more than any other which deserves benevolent treatment.

Seek your reward from God by giving to each of them what is due, to him and enjoin on yourself as a sacred duty the task of meeting the needs of such aged among them as have no independent means of livelihood and are averse to seeking alms.

And it is the discharge of this duty that usually proves very trying to rulers, but is very welcome to societies which are gifted with foresight. It is only such societies or nations that truly carry out with equanimity their covenant with God to discharge their duty to the poor.

Open Conferences

Meet the oppressed and the lowly periodically in an open conference and, conscious of the Divine Presence there, have a heart-to-heart talk with them, and let none from your armed guard or civil officers or members of the Police Department or the Intelligence Department be by your side, so that the representative of the poor might state their grievances fearlessly and without reserve.

For I have heard the Prophet of God say that no nation or society, in which the strong do not discharge their duty to the weak, will occupy a high position. Bear with composure any strong language which they may use, and do not get annoyed if they cannot state their case lucidly. Even so, God will open for you His door of blessings and rewards.

Whatever you can give to them, give it ungrudgingly, and whatever you cannot afford to give, make that clear to them with utmost sincerity.

There are certain things which call for prompt action. Accept the recommendations made by your officers for the redress of the grievances of the clerical staff. See to it that petitions or applications submitted for your consideration are brought to your notice the very day they are submitted, however much your officers might try to intercept them. Dispose of the day’s work that very day, for the coming day will bring with it its own task.

Communion With God

And then do not forget to set apart the best of your time for communion with God, although every moment of yours is for Him only, provided it is spent sincerely in the service of your people.

The special time that you give to prayer in the strict religious sense is to be devoted to the performance of the prescribed daily prayers. Keep yourself occupied with prayers during the day and in the night, and to gain perfect communion, do not as far as possible, let your prayers grow tiresome.

And when you lead in congregational prayer, do not let your prayer be so lengthy as to cause discomfort to the congregation or raise in them the feeling of dislike for it or liquidate its effect: for in the congregation there may be invalids and also those who have to attend to pressing affairs of their own.

When, on receiving an order to proceed to Yemen, I had asked to the Prophet of God, how I should lead the people in prayer over there, he said, “perform your prayers even as the weakest among you would offer; and set an example of considerateness to the faithful.”

Aloofness Not Desirable

Alongside of the observance of all that I have said, bear one thing in mind. Never for any length of time keep yourself aloof from the people, for to do so is to keep oneself ignorant of their affairs.

It develops in the ruler a wrong perspective and renders him unable to distinguish between what is important and what is not, between right and wrong, and between truth and falsehood. The ruler is after all human; and he cannot form a correct view of anything which is out of sight.

There is no distinctive sign attached to truth which may enable one to distinguish between the different varieties of truth and falsehood. The fact is that you must be one of the two things. Either you are just or unjust. If you are just, then you will not keep yourself away from the people, but will listen to them and meet their requirements.

On the other hand, if you are unjust, the people themselves will keep away from you. What virtue is there in your keeping aloof? At all events aloofness is not desirable especially when it is your duty to attend to the needs of the people. Complaints of oppression by your officers or petitions for justice should not prove irksome to you.

Make this clear to yourself that those immediately about and around you, will like to exploit their position to covet what belongs to others and commit acts of injustice. Suppress such a tendency in them. Make a rule of your conduct never to give even a small piece of land to any of your relations. That will prevent them from causing harm to the interests of others and save you from courting the disapprobation of both God and man.

Deal justice squarely regardless of the fact whether one is a relation or not. If any of your relations or companions violates the law, meet out the punishment prescribed by law, however painful it might be to you personally, for it will be all to the good of the State.

If at any time people suspect, that you have been unjust to them in any respect, disclose your mind to them and remove their suspicions. In this way, your mind will become attuned to the sense of justice and people will begin to love you. It will also fulfill your wish that you should enjoy their confidence.

Peace & Treaties

Bear in mind that you do not throwaway the offer of peace which your enemy may himself make. Accept it, for that will please God. Peace is a source of comfort to the army. It reduces your worries and promotes order in the State. But beware! Be on your guard when the peace is signed ; for, certain types of enemies propose terms of peace just to lull you into a sense of security only to attack you again when you are off your guard.

So you should exercise the utmost vigilance on your part, and place no undue faith in their protestations. But, if under the peace treaty you have accepted any obligations, discharge those obligations scrupulously.

It is a trust and must be faithfully upheld and whenever you have promised anything, keep it with all the strength that you command, for whatever difference of opinion might exist on other matters, there is nothing so noble as the fulfillment of a promise.

This is recognized even among the non-Muslims, for they know the dire consequences which follow from the breaking of covenants. So never make excuses in discharging your responsibilities and never break a promise, nor cheat your enemy. For, breach of promise is an act against God, and none except the positively wicked acts against God.

Indeed divine promises are a blessing spread over all mankind. The promise of God is a refuge sought after, even by the most powerful on earth; for there is no risk of being cheated.

So, do not make any promise from which you may afterwards offer excuses to retract; nor do you go back upon what you have confirmed to abide by; nor do you break it, however galling it may at first prove to be. For, it is far better to wait in patience for wholesome results to follow than to break it out of any apprehensions.

Beware! Abstain from shedding blood without a valid cause. There is nothing more harmful than this which brings about one’s ruin. The blood that is willfully shed shortens the life of a state. On the Day of Judgment it is this crime for which one will have to answer first.

So, Beware! Do not wish to build the strength of your state on blood; for it is this blood which ultimately weakens the stab and passes it on to other hands. Before me and my God no excuse for willful killing can be entertained.

Murder is a crime which is punishable by death. If on any account the corporal punishment dealt by the state for any lesser crime results in the death of the guilty, let not the prestige of the state stand in the way of the deceased’s relations claiming blood money.

Last Instructions

You should avoid self-admiration, having reliance in what appears good in yourself and love of exaggerated praise because this is one of the most reliable opportunities for Satan to obliterate the good deeds of the virtuous.

Avoid showing (the existence of) obligation on your subjects for having done good to them or praising your own actions or making promises and then breaking them, because showing (the existence of) obligation destroys good, self-praise takes away the light of truth, and breaking promises earns the hatred of Allah and of the people. Allah, the Glorified, says:

“Most hateful is it unto Allah that you say what you (yourselves) do (it) not.” (61:3).

Do not make haste to do a thing before its time, nor put it off when the right moment arrives. Do not insist on doing a wrong thing, nor show slackness in rectifying a wrong thing. Perform everything in its proper time, and let everything occupy its proper place.

When the people as a whole agree upon a thing, do not impose your own view on them and do not neglect to discharge the responsibility that rests on you in consequence. For, the eyes of the people will be on you and you are answerable for whatever you do to them.

The slightest dereliction of duty will bring its own retribution. Keep your anger under control and keep your hands and tongue in check. Whenever you become angry try to restrain yourself or else you will simply increase your worries.

It is imperative that you study carefully the principles which have inspired just and good rulers who have gone before you. Give close thought to the example of our Holy Prophet (peace be on him), his traditions, and the commandments of the Book of God and whatever you might have assimilated from my own way of dealing with things Endeavor to the best of your ability to carry out the instructions which I have given here and you have solemnly undertaken to follow.

By means of this order. I enjoin on you not to succumb to the promptings of your own heart nor to turn away from the discharge of duties entrusted to you.

I seek the refuge in the Almighty and His unlimited sphere of blessings, and invite you to pray with me that He may give us together the grace to surrender willingly our will to His will, and to enable us to acquit ourselves well before Him and His creation so that mankind might cherish our memory and our work survives.

I seek of God the culmination of His blessings and pray that He may grant you and me His grace and the honor of martyrdom in His cause. Verily, we have to return to Him, I invoke His blessings on the Prophet of God and his pure progeny.

Note On The Letter

The famous Arab Christian scholar, jurist, poet and philosopher, Abdul Maseeh-e-Antaki, who died some time in the early 20th century, whilst discussing this letter writes that it is a far superior code than one handed down by Moses or Hamurabi.

It explains what human administration should be and how it is to be carried out, and is justifies the claims of Muslims that Islam wants to introduce a Godly administration of the people, for the people and by the people, and it wants that a ruler should rule not to please himself, but to bring happiness to the ruled, and no religion before Islam tried to achieve this end. ‘Ali (‘a) should be congratulated for having introduced these principles in his government and for having written them down for posterity.

According to a well-known historian Masoodi (Murooj-uz- Zahab Vol. II, page 33, Egypt), Imam ‘Ali (‘a) is credited with no fewer than 480 treaties, lectures, epistles on a variety of subjects dealing with philosophy, religion, law and politics, as collected by Zaid Ibn Wahab in the Imam’s own lifetime.

So highly valued are these contributions both for their contents and their intrinsic literary worth that some of his masterpieces have formed throughout the course of Islamic history, subject of study in centers of Muslim learning. Indeed, his reputation seems to have traveled into Europe at the time of the Renaissance.

Edward Powcock, (1604-1691) a professor at the University of Oxford, published the first English translation of his ‘Sayings’ and delivered in 1639 a series of lectures on his ‘Rhetoric’.

This letter according to Fehrist-i- Tusi (page 33) was first copied during the time of Imam ‘Ali (‘a) by Asbigh Ibn Nabata and later on reproduced and referred to in their writings by various Arab and Egyptian scholars, chief of them being Nasr son of Mazahim (148 A. H. ), Jahiz Basari (255 A. H. ), Syed Razi (404 A. H. ), Ibn Abil Hadeed (655 A. H. ), Ibn Abduh (the reformer of Egypt) and Allama Mustafa Bek Najib, the great scholar of Egypt. The last named regards this letter as “A basic guide in Islamic administration.”

“But for his assassination”, to quote the language of a French historian, “the Moslem world might have witnessed the realisation of the Holy Prophet’s teachings, in the actual amalgamation of Reason with Law and in the impersonation of the first principles of true philosophy in positive action.”The same passionate devotion to knowledge and learning which distinguished Muhammad (S) breathed in every word of his Disciple.

With a liberality of mind-far beyond that of his age in which he lived was joined a sincere devoutness of spirit and earnestness of faith. His sermons, faithfully preserved by one of his descendants and his litanies or psalms, portray a devout up looking towards the Source of All Good, and an unbounded faith in humanity.”1

1. The Spirit of Islam, by Syed Ameer ‘Ali, page 363.

Chapter 7: The Pillars of Islam

Prophet Muhammad (S)

The Holy Prophet Muhammad (S) was born in Mecca in the month of Rabiul Awwal in the Year of the Elephant 570 A.D. (fifty-three years before the beginning of the Hegira calendar). He was born amidst the family of Banu Hashim of the tribe of Quraysh, who were considered the most honoured of the Arab families. the Prophet’s father, Abdullah, had died before he was born. The name of his mother was Aminah bint Wahab. His birth was accompanied by many signs from which the world could know that the "Deliverer" had appeared.

At first, the Prophet was nursed for a few days by Thawbiyah, manumitted slave girl of his uncle Abu Lahab. Shortly, after following the Arab custom, he was handed over to a Bedouin nurse, Halimah bint Abi Zawayb who belonged to the tribe of Banu Sa'd.

In the fifth year of his life, he was returned to his mother whom he lost in his sixth year. Now the orphan child was entrusted to the safe hands of his paternal grandfather, Abdul Muttalib, who reared him with great love and care.

From his early childhood the Prophet showed signs of his being Divinely prepared for the great task ahead of him. He never took part in the idolatrous rituals of his tribe and never told a lie. He had excellent habits and an unimpeachable character which endeared him to all those who came in contact with him. Soon he was known by the epithet of the 'truthful ' and 'trustworthy '.

He was not more ·than eight when his grandfather, Abdul Muttalib also died. On his death-bed, the old grandfather entrusted him to the charge of his son Abu Talib, who nobly fulfilled his duties as a guardian till the last hour of his life. He loved his nephew even more than his own sons. The Prophet grew up in his uncle's house and even before reaching the age of adolescence used to accompany his uncle on journeys by caravan.

Early Life

The Prophet had not received any schooling and therefore did not know how to read and write. Yet, after reaching the age of maturity he became famous for his wisdom, courtesy, and trustworthiness. As a result of his sagacity and trustworthiness, one of the Qurashite women, Khadijah, well known for her wealth, appointed him as the custodian of her possessions and left in his hands the task of conducting her commercial affairs.

The Prophet once journeyed to Damascus with her merchandise and as a result of the ability he displayed he was able to make an outstanding profit.

On this journey Khadijah's slave, Maysarah accompanied the Prophet, and on return, extolled his habits and character before her. She was so impressed that she proposed to him. Soon the marriage was solemnized and it was a great success.

After his marriage, the Prophet shifted to Khadijah 's house. His life was now more stable. There was complete accord and temperamental compatibility between the wife and the husband.

It was during this very period that the first signs of his Prophethood began to appear. Every now and then, the Prophet retired to the cave of Hira, in the mountains of the Tihamah region near Mecca, and passed there a few days and sometimes a. month away from the dreary environment of heathenism and the wild orgies of merry making. He passed his time in deep meditation and worship of the Lord of the universe.

At the age of forty, when he was in spiritual retreat, he was chosen by Allah to become a Prophet and was given the mission of preaching the new religion. At that moment the first chapter of the Qur'an was revealed to him:

In the Name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.

“Recite in the Name of your Sustainer who created” (96:1).

“Created man from a clot” (96:2).

“Recite and your Lord is Most Honorable” (96:3).

“He Who taught (the use of) the pen” (96:4)

“Taught man what he knew not”. (96:5).

He hurried to his house bearing the torch of the True Faith. He went to bed to take a little rest, and after a while, the Voice from Heaven spoke again:

“O you, enwrapped in the mantle, arise and warn, and glorify your Lord”. (74: 1-3).

After this he met his cousin, Ali Ibn Abi Talib, who after hearing the account of what had occurred declared his acceptance of the faith. After the Prophet entered the house and told his wife of the revelation, she likewise accepted Islam.

The Prophet continued to convey his message quietly and unobtrusively to the selected persons whom he considered responsive to his call. Gradually the number of his followers came to forty. They were mostly young and belonged to the various sectors of society. They first learnt the Holy Qur'an and the rudiments of Islam. They offered their prayers secretly and in solitary places. To train every new believer the Holy Prophet detailed a senior Muslim.

Call To The Kinsmen

After three years of preaching discretely, Allah allowed his Prophet (S) to take advantage of the tribal conditions prevailing in that society:

“Warn your close relations” (26:214).

“and be kind to your believing followers” (26:215).

“If they disobey you, tell them, I condemn your disobedient deeds”. (26:216).

The Messenger of Allah (S) invited his kinsmen to a feast. Some forty people assembled there. As soon as he started preaching his uncle, Abdul Uzza alias Abu Lahab snubbed him, and the people dispersed in confusion.

Sometime later he again invited his kinsmen. This time despite Abu Lahab's opposition and threats, the Prophet (S) was able to say what he wanted to, and it was only Ali who responded to his call and strongly supported him. Thereupon, the Prophet (S) addressing him, declared: "You are my brother, my successor and my vizier (deputy)"1.

General Call

After this period, according to Divine instructions, the Prophet began to preach his mission openly. He received the revelation which said:

“Proclaim openly what you are commanded and give no importance to those who associate false gods with Allah”. (15:94).

Now the Holy Prophet mounted the hill of Safa and called Quraysh there. When they were assembled, he said to them: “If I tell you that the enemy is approaching you, will you believe me?" All of them said: 'Yes, we will'. "I warn you against a severe punishment", said he. "O children of Abdul Muttalib! O children of Abd Manaf! O children of Zuhrah! Save yourselves from Hell. I can't be of any use to you before Allah". This declaration was the beginning of a persistent conflict. Nevertheless, it had a far-reaching effect on the spread of Islam. The Quraysh did all they could to curb the nascent Islam. They exerted all sorts of pressure on the Holy Prophet (S).

Many physically and financially weak Muslims were tortured. But they all stood fast. It was Abu Talib who lent full support to the Holy Prophet (S) during this period of trials and tribulations, and saved him from the machinations of the infidels.

To Ethiopia

When the opposition and the excesses of the Quraysh became unbearable, the Holy Prophet (S) allowed a number of Muslims to migrate to Ethiopia. In all, some 80 men and 18 women sailed to the hospitable country of the Negus.

Boycott And Detention

When the Quraysh failed in their attempt to stop the migration of the Muslims, they decided to boycott the Bani Hashim, the Prophet 's family. This social boycott continued for three years during which the Bani Hashim were forced to take refuge in the ''mountain pass of Abu Talib", a fort in one of the valleys of Mecca. No one had any dealings or transactions with them. At last, the siege was lifted as it had failed to. browbeat the Bani Hashim.

Year Of Mourning

But the relief was only temporary. The following year the Muslims had to suffer a severe blow in the death of Abu Talib who was the staunchest and most influential protector of the Holy Prophet (S). Shortly afterwards, Khadijah, the beloved wife of the Holy Prophet (S) also died.

Khadijah, besides being prudent and sagacious, was a woman of sympathetic disposition and noble character. She unhesitatingly spent her wealth for the cause Of Islam. Throughout his life the Holy Prophet (S) retained the tenderest recollections of her love and fidelity. He very often praised Khadijah and mentioned her glorious deeds.

Another of his wives, Ayesha confessed that she did not envy any of the Prophet's wives except Khadijah though she did not see her. She also related that whenever the Prophet (S) slaughtered a sheep, he sent a portion of the meat to the friends of Khadijah. The year, in which these two sad events occurred, is known in the Muslim history as "Am al-Huzn," the Year of Mourning.

Rejection By Ta'if

Having been disappointed with the Quraysh and weighed down by the loss of his venerable protector and his cherished wife, the Holy Prophet (S) turned his attention to other tribes. He went to Ta'if, stayed there for about a month and saw the prominent people of the place and conveyed to them the message of Truth, but Ta 'if proved to be like Mecca in its treatment to the Holy Prophet (S). The people of Ta'if not only rejected the call of the Prophet (S), but also encouraged the town rabble to fling stones at him. He came back severely disappointed.

It was the usual practice of the Holy Prophet (S) to contact the tribesmen, who assembled at Mecca and Mina during the season of pilgrimage, to preach Islam.

The Hegira (Hijrah)

One day the Holy Prophet (S) came across a group of people belonging to the tribe of the Khazraj. As usual, he approached them and recited to them some verses of the Holy Qur'an which astounded them, and they immediately accepted the new faith. While going back to their town, Medina, at that time called Yathrib, they started preaching Islam.

The following year, twelve persons came from Medina and at Aqabah, a place near Mina, pledged their allegiance to the Holy Prophet. This event is known as the first pledge of Aqabah. The Holy Prophet (S) sent Mu'ab bin Umayr along with them to teach them the commands of the religion and propagate Islam.

In the third year, a delegation met him secretly in the stillness of night at the same spot. They invited the Holy Prophet (S) to their town and promised to provide him all help. Abbas, an uncle of the Holy Prophet (S), though still a non-Muslim, was present on this occasion. This event is known in history as the second pledge of Aqabah.

Now the Holy Prophet (S) allowed the Muslims to migrate to Medina in small groups. Fearing the Holy Prophet (S) might escape, the Quraysh conspired to kill him. Allah informed His Prophet (S) of this conspiracy and bade him migrate:

“And. (remember) how the disbelievers plotted against you with a view to either detain you or to kill you or to banish you. They were planning, but Allah was also planning. And Allah is the best planner”. (Surah Anfal, 8:30).

In order to camouflage the Quraysh who, lay in ambush for the Prophet (S) to kill him, he bade Ali lie on his bed and left Mecca unobserved along with Abu Bakr. For three nights they lay hidden in a cave known as Thaur. When the chase by the Quraysh slackened, they proceeded to Medina by an unfrequented path.

After travelling for several days, the Holy Prophet (S) arrived at Quba, a suburb of Medina, where he stayed for two days waiting for the arrival of Ali. With this migration (Hegira) a new era began in the history of Islam.

Medina As A State

Following the Hegira, Islam entered a new phase - the phase of consolidation and building up of a social order based on Islamic teachings. The construction of a masjid was the first step taken in this direction. Around the masjid, several residential quarters were built. The building was simple in form and structure. Its walls were of mud and· its roofs were of palm leaves. This masjid is now called Masjid un-Nabi.

The priority given to the building of the masjid was a practical demonstration of the fact that Islam was based on submission to Allah.

No government house was built. The masjid served as the house of worship, the assembly hall, the court of justice, the school and the army headquarter.

Formula Of Fraternal Coexistence

When the Holy Prophet arrived at Medina, its tribal society had divided interests and conflicting views. The most important elements living there were the following:

1. The Muslims

The Muslims consisted of the Muhajirs (immigrants) and the Ansar (helpers). The designation of 'Ansar ' was conferred by the Holy Prophet on the tribes of the Aws and the Khazraj for their help in the cause of Islam in the hour of trial. The Muhajirs were the early Muslims who migrated from Mecca to escape sufferings at the hands of the infidels. They abandoned their homes, property and kith and kin for the sake of their faith.

In order to meet the post-Hegira situation, Islam took a number of steps, some of them being long term and some short term. This was with a view to laying the foundation of a new social order.

First of all, it introduced the concept of brotherhood in faith in its deepest form as a general policy:

“Man, We have created you from a male and a female, and have divided you into nations and tribes so that you may get to know one another. Surely the most honourable of you in the sight of Allah is he who is the best among you in conduct”. (49:13).

The Prophet did away with the pre-Islamic custom of boasting about one's pedigree and made knowledge and piety as the criterion of one's value in Islamic life.

He gave a practical shape to this id a by establishing brotherhood between the Muhajirs and the Ansar. He bade every Ansar adopt a Muhajir as his brother. This law remained in force till it was repealed after the Battle of Badr. It is not surprising that many Ansar surrendered half of their property in favour of their Muhajir brothers. This system not only established grand fraternal ties between the Muhajirs and the Ansar but also solved, in a natural manner, the economic problem, which the Muhajirs were confronted with.

It may be recalled that the Muhajirs on their part did not unduly exploit the generous sentiments of the Ansar. They did all they could to become self-dependent as early as possible.

2. The Jews

The second element was that of the Jews who lived both inside and outside Medina and were different from other Medinites in so far as their religion and social customs were concerned.

The Holy Prophet (S) adopted special measures to pacify the Jews. A major part of the constitution of the Medina State known as "Covenant of Medina", which revealed the Prophet (S) as the master-mind of his age, concerned them. Here are some of the important clauses of that covenant:

(a) All the Muslims, whether of Quraysh or of Medina, and all those who have made a common cause with them, constitute one nation.

(b) Everyone shall enjoy the security of life and property, irrespective of his social position. The Muslims are linked together in a common bond.

(c) The Jews belonging to the various branches of Bani Awf etc. will form one composite nation with the Muslims. They shall have the same freedom of practising their religion as the Muslims. Those guilty of injustice and crime shall be punished.

(d) The Jews and the Muslims shall bear their own expenses, but shall join in fighting the enemies of those who have accepted this constitution.

(e) All disputes between those who have accepted this constitution shall be referred to Allah's Prophet Muhammad (S) for arbitration2.

3. The Hypocrites

The third important component was of the hypocrites who, prompted by popular enthusiasm, had professed Islam only in name, but were ever ready to hoodwink the Muslims.

The hypocrites had varied motives for being hostile to Islam. Some of them thought that it had dealt a blow to their material interests while others regarded it as a menace to their pagan beliefs and rituals. Some of them even looked at the question from a parochial angle and regarded the Muhajirs as intruders. The Prophet (S) showed considerable tolerance towards the hypocrites.

Importance Of The Hegira

The Hegira had profound impact on the trend of events. It proved to be a happy augury for the Divine mission and it was from that period that Islam marched forward. Its first fruit was the establishment of the first Islamic State under the leadership of the Holy Prophet (S).

Military Policy

The establishment of the Islamic State entailed the formation of a military policy. As its main aim was to convey the Divine message to humanity, the Islamic State worked to remove all the hurdles standing in the way of the Celestial light reaching the people.

For practical purposes the military policy of the State assumed two forms i.e. offensive and defensive. However, in both the cases, the strategic goal was the same viz. the removal of the barriers in the way of Islamic mission.

Peace-Treaty Of Hudaybiyah

The Battle of the Ditch was the last attempt by the Quraysh to vanquish Islam. Since then, they were lying dormant and stricken with awe. Now the rumours were that the Muslims were carrying out secret negotiations with the Jews of Khaybar, so as to enter into an alliance with them. The Holy Prophet decided to forestall this action and reconciliate the Quraysh. For this purpose, he chose the sacred season of Hajj.

Accompanied by 1500 followers, the Prophet (S) set out for Mecca. All the Muslims were in a state of "Ihram" and their swords were in their sheaths. The Holy Prophet had proclaimed that he wanted to perform Hajj and had no intention to fight.

Anyhow, the Quraysh looked at his move with suspicion and posted a large army under the command of Khalid Ibn Walid to bar his way to Mecca. A few days after the Holy Prophet had encamped at Hudaybiyah, a few miles away from Mecca, the Quraysh sent a delegation to find out his real intention. The delegation was assured that the Muslims wanted nothing, except performing Hajj. Though the members of the delegation were convinced of the goodwill of the Prophet the Quraysh remained adamant.

Later, the Holy Prophet (S) sent Utman Ibn Affan as his emissary to Mecca. The Quraysh detained him for three days. In the meantime, it was rumoured that Uthman had been assassinated. Thereupon, the Holy Prophet (S) asked his companions to pledge their readiness to fight if need be. This pledge is called Bay'at ur-Rizwan, 'The Pledge of good Pleasure; or 'The Pledge Under the Tree'. Allah has extolled those who made this pledge. The Holy Qur'an says:

“Allah is pleased with the believers for their pledging obedience to you under the tree. He k new whatever was in their hearts thus He granted them confidence and rewarded them with an immediate victory”. (48:18).

After much difficulty, a peace. treaty was concluded by which the Quraysh saved their face and the Prophet obtained all he really wanted. It was a deed of his superb statesmanship. The main provisions of the treaty were:

(a) Hostilities should cease for a period of ten years.

(b) Anyone from among the Quraysh coming to the Holy Prophet (S), without the permission of his tribe, should be sent back to the Quraysh, but if anyone from among the Muslims, goes to the Quraysh, he shall not be repatriated.

(c) Any tribe desirous of making an alliance with Muhammad (S) or with the Quraysh should be at liberty to do so.

(d) Muhammad (S) and his companions shall go back this year, and they shall be permitted next year to visit Mecca and remain there for three days with their swords in their sheaths.

Some Muslims, among whom Umar Ibn Khattab was the most prominent person, failing to understand the significance of the treaty, had serious doubts about its usefulness. They stubbornly stuck to their notion till Allah described it as a 'Clear Victory'.

The treaty had far-reaching effects. It practically ended the hostilities between the Muslims and the Meccans, thus paving the way for the propagation of Islam. It gave the opponents an occasion to reflect over the merits of the religion against which they had hitherto struggled in vain. It gave the Muslims a respite to consolidate their society and State.

New Horizons

Islam, from its very inception in Mecca, has been very particular about proclaiming that it is a universal religion aiming at the guidance of entire humanity.

The message of Islam provides every opportunity for human beings to grow and flourish. Islam is the religion which conforms to human nature and caters for all human needs; that is why it is the universal religion. Many verses reveal its universal nature.

“We have not sent you [Muhammad] but as a source of blessing to the nations”. (21:107).

The earliest followers of Islam belonged to various races. They included both the Arabs and the non-Arabs, such as Hamzah Ibn Abdul Muttalib, Ammar, Salman al-Farsi - the Persian, Bilal - the African, Suhayb - the Greek etc. In pursuance of this policy, the Holy Prophet (S) first approached the Arab tribes excluding the Quraysh, and then wrote letters to the world leaders, including the kings of the Byzantine and Persia, the biggest powers of those days.

Conquest Of Mecca

Two years after the conclusion of the peace treaty of Hudaybiyah, the conquest of Mecca was complete. The Holy Prophet (S) smashed the idols in the Ka 'bah exclaiming in the words of the Holy Qur'an:

“Truth has come and falsehood has vanished away”. (17:81).

Ali Ibn Abi Talib helped him in this task. The Holy Prophet (S) treated the vanquished enemy most generously and declared general amnesty.

Farewell Pilgrimage

In 10 A.H. The Holy Prophet (S) announced that he was going to Mecca to perform the pilgrimage. With this announcement, people from all corner of Arabia rallied round him for pilgrimage. Their number is reported to have exceeded 100,000. At Arafat the Holy Prophet (S) delivered a remarkable sermon well-known in the annals of Islam.

He outlawed usury and declared that all Muslims, irrespective of their race and colour, were brothers. An Arab was in no way superior to a non-Arab. He said that as men have rights over women, women also have rights over men. This sermon has been rightly described as the first 'Charter of Human Rights'.

The Pledge Of Ghadir

On his way back to Medina, the Holy Prophet (S) along with all those who had accompanied him, halted at a place called Ghadir Khumm. There he was directed by Allah to appoint Ali Ibn Abi Talib as his successor and Commander of the faithful. It was a hot day and the time was about the midday. It was not without significance that this particular time and place was chosen for this historical announcement of utmost importance.

Many of the Muslims were not to meet the Holy Prophet (S) any more. For them it was the parting time. The Prophet (S) asked all the Muslims to assemble round him. Then he delivered a sermon. It was reported by 30 companions of the Holy Prophet (S) including Zayd Ibn Arqam. Some others have reported it from 110 companions and 84 Tabi'in. It is the most authentic tradition which has been consecutively narrated by eminent scholars and traditionists. It runs as follows:

The Holy Prophet (S) said: "Allah is my Master and I am the master of the believers. They have to give me preference even over themselves. Whoever considers me to be his master, must regard Ali also as their master. O Allah! Befriend him who is the supporter of Ali, and be enemy of him who is enemy of Ali”3.

After the sermon was over, the Holy Prophet (S) offered his midday prayers and then asked the Muslims to pledge their allegiance to their Commander and Imam, Ali. All the Muslims present on the occasion followed his command.

Last Will

Shortly after coming back to Medina, the Prophet (S) fell ill. One day when his illness became more severe, he said: "Get me an inkpot, pen, and a piece of paper. I would like to write something for your guidance after me". After saying that the Holy Prophet (S) became unconscious. Someone present at that time remarked that the Holy Prophet (S) was speaking incoherently. When he regained consciousness, those who were present asked him whether they should bring the inkpot, pen, and the paper, the Holy Prophet (S) said: "No, not after what you have said. Anyhow I direct you to be good to my Ahl al-Bayt after me". The Holy Qur'an says:

“Say [O' Muhammad!] I do not ask of you any recompense [for my Prophethood] except that you should love my kinsmen”. (42:32).

When his end approached, he gave the necessary instructions to Imam Ali as to what he wished to be done after his demise. At last, he passed away with his head in the lap of Imam Ali.

Personality Of The Prophet (S)

The Prophet was an embodiment of all the virtues and qualities of a believer which are described in the Holy Qur'an. He was at one and. the same time the greatest thinker, the most devoted worshipper and extremely just in his dealings with 'his family and people at large. None can describe him better than Allah who said that His Messenger possessed the noblest character. One of his wives said that his character was the Holy Qur'an. Allah has said:

“You have an excellent model in the Messenger of Allah”. (33:21)

Again, the Holy Qur'an says:

“[O Muhammad] tell them: ‘If you love Allah then follow me; Allah will love you’". (3:31).

As Prophet Muhammad (S) was under the Divine care, he was distinguished from the members of the society in which he was brought up. From the very beginning, he was known and respected for his high and noble character. Even the pagans who knew him, called him 'the truthful' and 'the trustworthy '.

Social Aspect Of His Life

Imam Husayn, reporting from his father, says that the Holy Prophet (S) was always cheerful and courteous. He never shouted or found fault with anybody. He never used foul language. Anas Ibn Malik says, "I served him or ten years. Even if I did something which he did not like, he never asked me why I had done that".

As A Leader

A fair-minded person who studies various aspects of the personality of the Holy Prophet (S) as a man, as the head of a family, as a member of the society, ' as a judge, as an administrator ' as a teacher' and as a military commander, will come to the conclusion that his all-round perfection is definite proof of him being a Divine Messenger. Human a history has not witnessed any other person reaching a similar degree of perfection.

As a military commander he was bold, courageous and far-sighted. He had a wonderful grasp of strategic realities and planned maneuver in advance. He. could. fight and win the Battle of Badr with a small and ill-equipped force. He stood firm after suffering a reverse at Uhud. It was his personal courage which turned the tide at the Battle of Hunayn and converted the initial defeat into a final victory. In the Battle of Khaybar and on the eve of the Conquest of Mecca, he took full advantage of the element of surprise. On many occasions he took special measures to demoralize or confuse the enemy.

Besides being a military commander, the Holy Prophet (S) made wonderful contributions for the welfare of humanity at large. First, he himself acted upon something and then be asked others to follow him. He established the "rights" of the people when rights were being tram pled; he administered "justice" when tyranny was ram pant everywhere; he introduced "equality " when un due discrimination was so common; and he gave "freedom" to the people when they were groaning under the yoke of the tyrants.

This is a brief life-sketch and character of the Prophet of Islam. He founded a religion which taught men to worship, obey, and fear Allah only, and to seek help from Him alone. The Islamic Shari 'ah, being a comprehensive code, covers all the aspects of human life including "rights", "justice'', "equality" and "freedom ".

The knowledge of the Shari'ah was transmitted by the Holy Prophet (S) to his Ahl al-Bayt (‘a), who are the guards and guardians of the Ummah after him.

The Progeny Of The Holy Prophet

The Ahl al-Bayt (‘a) are purified and honoured by Allah. This fact has been explained and supported by the celebrated statement of the Holy Prophet (S), narrated by a large number of his companions, that he was leaving two inseparable precious entities among his followers i.e., The Book of Allah and his Ahl al-Bayt (‘a) and that whosoever adheres to these two shall be saved from going astray4.

On another occasion the Prophet (S) said: My Ahl Bayt are like the Ark of Noah; whoever got into it was saved, and whoever turned away from it was drowned and lost. The· Hadiths and historical reports unanimously affirm that the term Ahl Bayt applies to none but Fatimah az-Zahra, Ali al-Murtaza, Hasan al-Mujtaba and Husayn al-Shaheed.

The Ahl Bayt mentioned in the thirty third verse of Surah al-Ahzab5 include none but Ali, Fatimah, Hasan and Husayn6 and the other nine Imams descending from Imam Husayn; all of whom possess the same excellence of infallibility'.

Fatimah Az-Zahra (‘A)

We have given an account of the life-sketch Of the Holy Prophet (S) and shall later given the life history of the Twelve Infallible Imams. It seems appropriate to mention the name of the illustrious daughter of the Holy Prophet (S), Lady Fatimah az-Zahra (‘a) the wife of the Commander of the faithful (‘a) and mother of Imam al-Hasan (‘a) and Imam al-Husayn (‘a).

Lady Fatimah (‘a) is a central figure among the Ahl al-Bayt (‘a). She is the daughter of the Prophet (S), wife of Imam Ali (‘a) and mother of Imam al-Hasan (‘a) and Imam al-Husayn (‘a), and grandmother of the other nine infallible Imams (‘a).

She was born in Mecca on Friday, the 20th of Jumadi-II, eight years before Hegira. It was she about whom the Holy Prophet (S) said: “Whoever hurts Fatimah hurts me, and whoever hurts me, hurts Allah".

Fatimah (‘a) inherited the genius and wisdom, determination and will power, piety and sanctity, generosity and benevolence, devotion and worship of Allah, self-sacrifice and hospitality, forbearance and patience, and knowledge and nobility of disposition from her illustrious father.

"I often witnessed my mother", says Imam Husayn (‘a), "absorbed in prayer from dusk to dawn". Her generosity and compassion for the poor was such that no destitute ever returned from her door without being attended to.

Successors Of The Prophet (S)

One who sows a seed, wishes the sapling to grow and flourish. In his lifetime the Holy Prophet (S) always appointed an administrator immediately after a village or a town was conquered. Whenever he sent troops to fight a battle, he appointed a commander and sometimes, even several alternative commanders. Whenever he proceeded on journey or went out to take part in a battle, he invariably appointed his successor to hold the charge of Medina.

The Holy Prophet (S) was not unaware of the fact that the Muslim society, after his death, needed an infallible head to administer the Divine laws and to promote Islamic objectives. He also knew that without an infallible head, the Muslim community could not stay as· a living and vigorous nation.

Hence, how can it be said that the Holy Prophet (S) who endeared himself to Islam more than anything else, could have left it unattended and unguarded.

At the same time, it was also not possible that he would leave the selection of his successor to the choice of the people, because he (successor) must have special qualities of knowledge, piety and infallibility. Obviously, it is not people but Allah, who is the best judge, for how can the merits of the highest order be determined by consultation or election by the people?

Like the prophecies about the coming of the Holy Prophet (S), the prophecies about the Twelve Imams (‘a) are also found in the heavenly scriptures.

The Old Testament corroborates the statement in relating the Divine promise to Prophet Abraham (‘a) about his two sons, Isaac (‘a) and Ishmael (‘a):

"And as for Ishmael, I have heard thee: Behold, I have blessed him, and. will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly; twelve princes shall he beget, and I will make him a great nation". (Genesis 17/20).

"And I will establish my covenant between me and thee and thy seed after thee in their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be a God unto thee, and to thy seed after thee". (Genesis 17/7).

In the words of Allah, as reported in the Old Testament, the twelve princes are the Twelve Imams, who were from the seed of Ishmael (‘a) son of Abraham (‘a). According to the covenant which Allah established with Abraham (‘a) he was endowed with the Divine light of guidance. The seed of Abraham (‘a) was bifurcated and passed into the two channels namely that of Ishmael (‘a) and Isaac (‘a). Through Isaac (‘a) the seed passed on to Jesus Christ (‘a) and through Ishmael (‘a) it passed on to Abd ul-Muttalib. Again, it bifurcated into two channels and passed through Abdullah to Prophet Muhammad (S) and through Abu Talib, to Imam Ali (‘a).

An authentic and universally accepted Hadith reports the Holy Prophet (S) as saying explicitly on several occasions that he would be followed by twelve commanders7 and according to another version twelve caliphs8 the first of them being Ali (‘a) and the last Mahdi (aj).

Hence, it is evident that the successor of the Holy Prophet (S) must be nominated by none except Allah. That is why the Holy Prophet (S) introduced Ali Ibn Abi Talib (‘a) as his successor on various occasions. We have all heard the event of Ghadir. It was one such occasion. This event is recorded in all the books of history. This event took place towards the end of the Holy Prophet's life when he was returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage.

At a place known as Ghadir Khumm, the Holy Prophet (S) formally proclaimed Ali (‘a) as his successor and the Commander of the faithful in the presence of tens of thousands of people9.

Unfortunately, certain people for various reasons did not allow this will of the Holy Prophet (S) to be implemented and thus it became the source of a split among the Muslims.

Each of the eleven other members of the Prophet's House (Ahl al-Bayt) who succeeded him, was also nominated by the Imam preceding him. The chain of authority and the reports of these nominations are recorded in all authentic books of Hadith.

As mentioned earlier, the Imams have been selected exclusively through nomination by the Holy Prophet (S) or the preceding Imam. In fact, they have been appointed by Allah who alone can determine their suitability.

Besides, history bears testimony to the fact that Imam Ali (‘a) and other Imams possessed those outstanding virtues which made them the leaders of the Muslim Ummah. A study of history and the sources of Hadith show that none of the companions of the Holy Prophet was equal to Imam Ali in knowledge, piety, valour and other virtues.

Functions And Qualifications Of An Imam

Islam prescribes very high qualifications for a Divine leader. He should be the wisest, the most virtuous, and the most gallant of all. He should also be immune from every kind of sin, and transgression, error and lapse.

The Holy Prophet (S) and the Imams (‘a), besides being religious leaders, are, in their capacity as leaders of society, responsible for all government functions, and as such should possess the requisite qualifications to shoulder that responsibility.

The Holy Prophet (S) is the founder of religion and the Imam is its protector. Both of them are appointed by Allah. The Prophet (S) alone receives revelation and the Imam is heir to all the Prophetic knowledge. The Imam does not receive revelation, but in association with the Almighty Allah, he is only next to the Prophet (S).

Both the Prophet (S) and the Imam have a special constructive role to play and shirk no sacrifice in the interest of the Muslim Ummah. The role performed by Imam Husayn (‘a) in fighting the hypocrites and in toppling over the machine of tyranny is undeniable. Imam al-Baqir (‘a) and Imam al-Sadiq (‘a) were conspicuous in spreading Islamic knowledge and other sciences. Imam Al-Ridha (‘a) defended the Islamic tenets and provided intellectual guidance against the invasion of foreign ideas at the time of the spread of Islam over vast territories of the world. The same is true of the role performed by other Imams in their respective circumstances.

Thus, besides performing the functions which were common to all of them as religious heads, each of these leaders had a special mission in relation to the special circumstances of his age and time, and history tells us that each Imam performed his duties most majestically by sacrificing his life in the way of Allah.

It has already been proved that an Imam must be nominated by Allah and His Prophet (S), for none else can know who is infallible. As such, it was the bounden duty of the Prophet (S) to introduce his successor to the people. Had he not done so, he would have failed in his Prophetic mission. That is why the Shi'ah believe that the Prophet of Islam (S) did nominate his successor, who was none else but Ali Ibn Abi Talib (‘a). The Prophet (S) not only nominated his immediate successor but also named all the succeeding Imams: He said that there would be twelve caliphs after him and all of them would belong to the tribe of Quraysh. The first one would be Ali (‘a) and the last one, the promised Mahdi (aj). In other ahadith (traditions) names of all the twelve Imams have been expressly mentioned.

Imam ‘Ali Ibn Abi Talib (‘A)

Imam ‘Ali Ibn Abi Talib (‘a), Al-Murtadha, the first Imam, was the cousin of the Holy Prophet (S). He was born in the Sacred House, the Ka'bah, in Mecca on Friday, the thirteenth day of the month of Rajab, thirty years after the Year of the Elephant (570 A.D.). Nobody before or after him has ever been born in the House of Allah, the Most High. His father, Abu Talib was the only real brother of Prophet's father Abdullah bin Abdul Muttalib.

His mother was Fatimah, daughter of Asad b. Hashim Ibn Abd Manaf. She was like a mother to the Prophet of Allah (S). Imam Ali (‘a) was brought up under the tutelage of the Holy Prophet (S). As Imam Ali (‘a) says: "The Holy Prophet brought me up in his own arms and fed me with his own morsel. I followed him wherever he went, like a baby camel following its mother. Each day a new aspect of his character would beam out of his noble person and I would accep t it and follow it as a command ".

His close and inseparable companionship with the Holy Prophet (S) for ten years made him assimilate all the Prophet's characteristics, knowledge, wisd om, self sacrifice, forbearance, bravery, generosity, oratory and eloquence. From his very childhood he prostrated before Allah along with the Holy Prophet (S). He himself has said: "I was the first to pray to Allah along with the Holy Prophet"10.

The famous historian, Allamah Mas'udi says: "Hazrat Ali followed in the footsteps of the Holy Prophet, all along his childhood. Allah created him pure and holy and kept him steadfast on the right path "11.

Though Imam Ali (‘a) is indisputably the first to embrace Islam when the Holy Prophet (S) called upon his listeners to do so, yet for the very fact that since his infancy he was brought up by the Prophet (S) and followed him in every action and deed including prostration before Allah, he can be said to be born a Muslim.

Imam Ali (‘a), always accompanied the Holy Prophet (S) to help and protect him from his enemies. He used to write down the verses of the Holy Qur'an and discuss them with the Holy Prophet (S) as soon as they were revealed by Archangel Gabriel. He was so closely associated with the Prophet of Allah that as soon as a verse was revealed to him during the day or night, Imam Ali was the first to hear it.

On the occasion of ''establishing the bond of brotherhood" (Muakhkhat) among the Muhajirs and the Ansar, the Holy Prophet (S) said: "O Ali! You are my brother in this world as well as in the Hereafter"12.

He also said: "I am the City of Knowledge and Ali is its Gate"13.

Umar Ibn Khattab narrates that the Prophet said: "You are to me as Aaron was to Moses"14.

The Holy Prophet has also said:

“Ali is with truth and truth is with Ali, and they will not part with each other until they reach (me) at the Cistern of Kauthar”15.

"Every Prophet has a successor and heir and Ali is my successor and heir"16.

The character and calibre of Imam Ali is described by Allamah Mas'udi in these words, "If the fact of being the first Muslim, a comrade of the Prophet in exile, his faithful companion in the struggle for faith, his intimate associate in life, and his kinsman ; if true knowledge of the spirit of the Prophet's teachings and of the Book; if self-abnegation and dispensing of justice; if honesty, purity, and love of truth; if the knowledge of law and science, constitute a claim to pre-eminence, then all must regard Ali as the foremost Muslim. We shall search in vain to find, either among his predecessors or among his successors, those attributes"17.

In the last year of his life, the Holy Prophet (S) went to Mecca to perform pilgrimage. On his return journey when he reached Ghadir Khumm, this verse was revealed to him:

“O Messenger, announce what is revealed to you from your Lord. If you will not announce, it would be as though you have not conveyed My Message. Allah protects you from men. He does not guide the unbelievers”. (5:67).

In compliance with Allah's command the Messenger of Allah (S) stopped there and ordered other Muslims also to stop. Some 70,000 people assembled around him. He ordered a pulpit to be raised. After the pulpit was ready, he ascended it and lifted Ali Ibn Abi Talib (‘a) on his hands so that people might see him. Then he said: "whoever considers me to be his master should consider Ali also to be his master. O Allah! Be the friend of him who is the friend of Ali and be the enemy of him who is the enemy of Ali"18

Gibbon says, "The birth, the alliance and the character of. Ali which exalted him above the rest of his countrymen, might justify his claim to the vacant throne of Arabia. The son of Abu Talib was in his own right, the Chief of Bani Hashim and the hereditary prince or guardian of the city temple of Mecca"19.

Besides having many other superior merits, Imam Ali (‘a) was an eminent poet, a brave soldier and a venerable saint; his wisdom still breathes in a collection of moral and religious sayings and every antagonist, in the combats of the tongue or the sword, was subdued by his eloquence and valour20.

From the first hour of his mission to the last rites of his funeral, the Holy Prophet (S) was never forsaken by a generous friend, whom he delighted to call his brother, his vicegerent, and the faithful Aaron of a second Moses; and with whom he married his most loving daughter, Fatimah az-Zahra (‘a).

In the 40th year of Hegira, in the small hours of the morning of 19th of Ramadan, Imam Ali was struck with a poisoned sword by a Kharajite, Abdul Rahman Ibn Muljam, while offering his prayers in the Masjid of Kufah. He died on the 21st day of Ramadan, and was buried in Najaf al-Ashraf (Iraq). He was born in the House of Allah and was also martyred in the House of Allah, the Masjid of Kufah, The Lion of Allah, the bravest and the gentlest Muslim who ever lived, began his glorious life with devotion to Allah and His Prophet (S) and ended it likewise.

“Do not consider those who are slain for the cause of Allah to be dead. They are alive but you do not perceive”. (2:154).

Imam Al-Hasan (‘A)

Imam al-Hasan al-Mujtaba (‘a), the elder son of Imam Ali was born in Medina on 15th day of Ramadan, in the. 3rd A.H. Having received the happy news of his grandson's birth, the Holy Prophet (S) came to the house of his beloved daughter Fatimah, took the newly born in his arms and named him 'Hasan'.

The first phase of seven years of the second Imam's infancy was blessed with the gracious patronage of the Holy Prophet (S), who gifted him with all his great qualities and adorned him with Divine knowledge to such an extent that he was outstanding in knowledge, tolerance, intelligence, bounty and valour. He was infallible by birth, and was endowed with heavenly knowledge.

Jabir bin Abdullah al-al-Ansari narrates from the Prophet (S) that: "Whoever wants to see the chief of the Paradise should look at the face of Hasan bin Ali".

Ghazali has narrated in his book Ihya'ul Ulum that the Holy Prophet (S) said: "Hasan resembles me in feature and figure".

The Prophet (S) said, "Hasan and Husayn are my sons. Whoever loved them loved me, and he who loved me loved Allah, and who loved Allah entered the Paradise. He who displeased Hasan and Husayn displeased me, and he who displeases me displeased Allah and he who displeased Allah shall go to Hell"21.

The demise of the Holy Prophet (S) was followed by an eventful era when the Muslim world came in the grip of expansionism and conquest. But even under such a revolutionary phase, Imam al-Hasan (‘a), kept devoting himself to the sacred mission of peacefully propagating Islam and the teachings of the Holy Prophet (S) along with his illustrious father, Imam Ali (‘a).

The majority of Muslims pledged their allegiance to him after the demise of Imam Ali (‘a). No sooner had he taken the reins of leadership than he had to meet the challenge of Mu'awiyah, the Governor of Syria, who had declared war against him. In compliance with the Will of Allah and with a view to avoiding the bloodshed of Muslims, he entered into a peace treaty with Mu'awiyah on terms which saved Islam and averted a civil war. But this peace treaty was never meant as a surrender of the leadership to Mu'awiyah, it was meant only as an interim transfer of the administration. Having relieved himself of the administrative responsibilities, Imam al-Hasan (‘a) devoted himself to the propagation of Islam and the teachings of the Holy Prophet (S) in Medina.

Imam Al-Husayn Ash-Shahid (‘A)

The Holy Prophet (S) said: “Husayn is from me and I am from Husayn. Allah loves him who loves Husayn”22.

Imam al-Husayn (‘a), the third Imam was born in Medina on 3rd day of Sha'ban, 3 A.H. On his birth the Prophet (S) prophesied that Islam would be rescued and rejuvenated by his second grandson, al-Husayn (‘a).

Yazid, son of Mu'awiyah, was known for his devilish character and brutish conduct. He was known as the most licentious of men. The people having known and understood the character of Yazid, formed a covenant by which Mu'awiyah could not appoint Yazid as his successor. Known to a few, there existed an undertaking between Imam al-Hasan (‘a) and Mu'awiyah whereby Mu'awiyah had pledged not to nominate Yazid as his successor. Mu'awiya violated this undertaking and nominated Yazid as his successor.

Yazid demanded allegiance from Imam al-Husayn (‘a), who could have never agreed to it at any cost. People, fearing death and destruction at the hands of the tyrant Yazid, had yielded to him, but Husayn's indomitable spirit would never yield to the devil. Thus, he never agreed to undo what his grandfather, the Holy Prophet (S), had established. The refusal of the Holy. Imam (‘a) to pay allegiance to that fiend, marked the start of his persecution.

As a result, he retired to Medina where he led a secluded life. Even there he was not allowed to live in peace and was forced to seek refuge in Mecca where also he was harassed, and Yazid plotted to murder him in the very precincts of the great sanctuary of Ka'bah.

In order to safeguard the great sanctuary, al-Husayn (‘a) decided to leave Mecca for Kufah just a day before the pilgrimage. When asked the reason for the mysterious departure from Mecca, foregoing the pilgrimage which was to be held only the next day' he said that he would perform the year's pilgrimage at Karbala, offering the sacrifice not of any animals, but of his kith and kin and of some faithful friends.

When the Holy Imam (‘a), with his entourage, reached Karbala, he declared: "This is the land, the land of sufferings and tortures". He alighted from his horse and ordered his followers to encamp there, saying, "Here shall we and our children be martyred. This is the land about which my grandfather, the Prophet, had foretold and his prophecy will certainly be fulfilled''.

At dawn of l0th Muharram 61 A.H., the Imam (‘a) glanced the army of Yazid and saw Ibn Sa’ad ordering his forces to march towards him. He gathered is followers and addressed them thus: “Allah has, this day, permitted us to be engaged in holy War, and He shall reward us for our Martyrdom. So, prepare yourselves to fight against the enemies of Islam with patience and perseverance. O sons of the noble and self-respecting persons, be patient! Death is nothing but a bridge which you must cross after facing trials and tribulations so as to reach the Heaven and its joys. Which of you do not like to go from this prison (world) to the lofty palaces (Paradise)?”

Having heard the Imam’s address, all his companions were overwhelmed and cried out, “O our Master! We are all ready to defend you and your Ahl al-Bayt, and to sacrifice our lives for the cause of Islam.”

Imam al-Husayn (‘a) sent out from his camp his followers one after another to fight and sacrifice their lives in the way of the Lord. Lastly, when all his men and children had laid down their lives, Imam al-Husayn (‘a) brought his six-month old baby son ‘Ali Asghar, and holding him on his own hands, demanded some water for the baby, dying of thirst.

The thirst of the baby was quenched by a deadly poisoned thrown by Hurmala of the brute force of Yazid, which pinned the baby’s neck to the arm of the helpless father. At last, when the six-month-old baby was also killed, Imam al-Husayn (‘a) addressed God: “O Lord! Your Husayn has offered in your way whatever you had blessed him with. Bless your Husayn, O Lord, with the acceptance of this sacrifice. Everything Husayn could do till now was through your help and by your grace.”

Lastly Imam al-Husayn (‘a) came into the field and was killed. The details of his merciless slaughter are heart-rending. The forces of Yazid, having killed Imam al-Husayn (‘a), cut and severed his head from his body and raised it on a lance. The severed head of the Holy Imam (‘a) began glorifying God from the point of the lance saying “Allahu Akbar!” All glory be to God Who is the Greatest!

After his head was chopped off, the body of al-Husayn (‘a) was trampled, his tents were looted and his Ahl al-Bayt were made captives. Al-Husayn's kith and kin were then dispatched to Damascus in a very uncomfortable way to face further ordeals.

Imam Zayn Al-Abidin (‘A)

The fourth Imam, ‘Ali Ibn al-Husayn (‘a) was born in Medina on 15th Jamadi-ul-Awwal, 37 A. H. (685 A. D.). He was popularly titled as “Zayn al-Abidin.”

The Holy Imam Zayn al-Abidin (‘a) lived for about 34 years after his father and all his life he passed in prayers and supplication to God and in remembrance of his martyred father. It is for his ever being in prayers to God, mostly in prayerful prostration, that this Holy Imam was popularly called “as-Sajjad.”

The Holy Imam (‘a) was not given the time to offer his prayers peacefully, nor could he deliver any sermons. This God’s Vicegerent on earth, therefore, adopted a third course which proved to be very beneficial to his followers. This was in compiling supplicative invocations for the daily use of man in his endeavor to approach the Almighty God. The invaluable collection of his edited invocations is, known as “Sahifah al-Kamilah as-Sajjadiyyah”23.

The collection is an invaluable treasure of wonderfully effective invocations to Allah in an inimitably beautiful language. Those who have ever come across those invocations would know their excellence and blessedness. Through these invocations, the Imam (‘a) gave all the necessary guidance to the faithful during his seclusion24.

Imam Muhammad Al-Baqir (‘A)

The fifth Imam Muhammad Ibn Imam Ali Zayn al-Abidin (‘a) was born in Medina on the first of Rajab, 57 A. H. (677 A. D.) He was popularly titled as “Al-Baqir.”

Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (‘a) was brought up in the holy lap of his grandfather Imam Husayn (‘a), for three years. For 34 years he was under the gracious patronage of his father, ‘Ali Zayn al-Abidin.

A famous scholar, Ibn Hajar Asqalani, belonging to the Sunnite school said: “Imam Muhammad al-Baqir has disclosed the secrets of knowledge and wisdom and unfolded the principles of character, his God-given knowledge, his divinely-gifted wisdom, and his obligation and gratitude towards the spreading of knowledge.

He was a sacred and a highly talented and spiritual leader and for this reason, he was popularly titled as “Al-Baqir” which means “the expounder of knowledge”. Kind of heart, spotless in character, sacred of soul and the Imam devoted all his time in submission to God (and in advocating the teachings of the Holy Prophet and his descendants).

It is beyond the power, of a man to recount the deep impression of knowledge and guidance left by the Imam on the hearts of the faithful. His sayings about devotion and abstinence, knowledge and wisdom and about religious exercise and submission to God are so great in number that the size of this book is quite insufficient to cover them all.25

Imam Ja’far Al-Sadiq (‘A)

The sixth Imam Ja’far Ibn Muhammad al-Baqir (‘a) was born on Friday. The 7th Rabi-ul-Awwal, 83 A. H. at Medina. His famous title was “al-Sadiq”, the truthful. He was brought up by his grandfather; the Holy Imam Zayn al-Abidin (‘a) for 12 years, and then remained under the sacred patronage of his father the Holy Imam Muhammed al-Baqir (‘a) for a period of nineteen years.

The period of his Imamate coincided with the most revolutionary and eventful era of Islamic history which saw the downfall of the Ummayyad Empire and the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate. The internal wars and political upheavals were bringing about speedy changes in the government. Thus, the Holy Imam (‘a) witnessed the reigns of various kings starting from Abdul Malik down to the Ummayyad ruler Marwan Ibn Hakm.

He further survived till the time of Abul Abbas al-Saffah and Mansoor among the Abbasids. It was due to the political strife between two groups viz. the Ummayyads and the Abbasids for power that the Imam was left alone undisturbed to carry out his devotional duties and peacefully to carry on his mission to propagate Islam and spread the teachings of the Holy Prophet (S).

The state of anarchy was rampant. It was amid such deadly gloom that the virtuous personage of Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (‘a) stood like a beacon light, shedding its lustre to illumine the vast stretches of sinful darkness all around. The world got inclined towards his virtuous and admirable personality. Abu Salma Khallal offered him the throne of caliphate, but the Imam (‘a), keeping up the characteristic tradition of his ancestors, flatly declined to accept it on account of the critical conditions prevailing at that time. On account of his great learning, he was always triumphant in his many debates with the priests of rival orders like the Christians and the Jews.

The versatile genius of Imam al-Sadiq (‘a) in all branches of knowledge was acclaimed throughout the Muslim world. This attracted students from far-off places towards him till the number of his disciples had reached four thousand. The scholars and experts in Divine law have quoted many traditions from him. His disciples compiled hundreds of books on various branches of science and art.

Besides 'Fiqh ' (jurisprudence), 'Hadith ' (tradition), 'Tafsir ' (exegesis), the Imam also imparted lessons on mathematics and chemistry to some of his disciples. Jabir bin Hayyan Tartusi, a famous scholar of mathematics, was one of the Imam 's disciples who benefited from the Imam 's knowledge and guidance, and was able to write 400 books on different subjects.

It is an undeniable historical truth that all the great scholars of Islam were indebted for their learning to Ahl al-Bayt (‘a), who were the fountain of knowledge and learning for all.

Allamah Shibli, in his book, 'Seerat un-Nu'man' writes: "Abu Hanifah remained for a considerable period in the attendance of Imam Sadiq, acquiring from him a great deal of precious knowledge in Fiqh and Hadith. Both the sects - Shi'ah and Sunni - believe that the source of Abu Hanifah's knowledge was mostly derived from his association with Imam al-Sadiq".

The Imam devoted his whole life to the cause of preaching. the teachings of the Holy Prophet. Because of his immensely great knowledge and noble teachings the people gathered round him with all the devotion and reverence which was his due. This excited the jealousy of the Abbasid rul.er Mansur Dawaniqi, who fearing the popularity of the Imam, decided to do away with him. He was thus poisoned to death on 15th of Rajah 148 A.H.

Imam Musa Al-Kadhim (‘A)

Imam Musa Ibn Ja’far al-Sadiq (‘a), the seventh Imam, was born on Sunday the 7th of Safar, 128 A.H. at Abwa (Medina).

“Al-Kadhim” was his famous title. His matchless devotion and worship of God has also earned him the title of “Abd as-Salih” (virtuous slave of God). Generosity was synonymous with his name and no beggar ever returned from his door empty handed. Even after his death, he continued to be obliging and was generous to his devotees who came to his Holy tomb with prayers and behests which were invariably granted by God.

The Holy Imam Ja’far as-Al-Sadiq (‘a) breathed his last on 15th Rajab 148 A. H. and with effect from the same date Imam Musa al-Kadhim (‘a) succeeded as the seventh Imam. The period of his Imamate continued for 35 years.

In the first decade of his Imamate, Imam Musa al-Kadhim (‘a) could afford a peaceful execution of the responsibilities of Imamate and carried on the propagation of the teachings of the Holy Prophet (S), but soon after, he fell a victim to the ruling kings’ tyranny and a greater part of his life passed in prison, but he never stopped helping the poor and the needy. Such was his unbounded generosity that he used to patronize and help the poor and the destitute of Medina by providing them cash, food, clothes and other necessities of sustenance in secret. It continued to be a riddle for the receivers of gifts throughout the Imam 's lifetime as to who their benefactor was, but the secret was not revealed until after his death.

Time and circumstances did not permit the Holy Imam Musa al-Kadhim (‘a) to establish institutions to impart religious knowledge to his followers as his father, Imam Ja’far al-Sadiq (‘a) was never allowed to address a congregation. He carried on his mission of preaching and guiding the people quietly. He also wrote a few books of which the most famous is “Musnad al-Imam Musa al-Kadhim”.

Imam ‘Ali Al-Ridha’ (‘A)

Imam ‘Ali Ibn Musa al-Kadhim (‘a) was born at Medina on 11th Dhul Qa’dah, 148 A. H. He was also known as Abul Hasan. His famous title was “al-Ridha’”.

Imam ‘Ali al-Ridha’ (‘a) was brought up under the holy guidance of his father for 35 years. His own insight and brilliance in religious matters combined with the excellent training and education given by his father, made him unique in his spiritual leadership. Imam al-Ridha’ (‘a) was a living example of the piety of the Holy Prophet (S) and the chivalry and generosity of Imam ‘Ali (‘a).

Imam al-Ridha’ (‘a) had inherited great qualities of head and heart from his ancestors. He was a versatile person and had full command over many languages. Ibn Athir Jazeri penned very rightly that Imam al-Ridha’ (‘a) was undoubtedly the greatest sage, saint and scholar of the second century (A.H.).

Imam al-Ridha’ (‘a) was the 8th Imam and Ma’mun could not help holding him in great esteem because of the Imam’s piety, wisdom, knowledge, modesty, decorum and personality. Therefore, he decided to nominate him as the rightful heir to the throne. Earlier in 200 A. H. he had summoned the Abbasids. Thirty-three thousand Abbasids responded to the invitation and were entertained as royal guests. During their stay at the capital; Ma'mun observed very closely and noted their capabilities and eventually arrived at the conclusion that not one of them deserved to succeed him. He therefore spoke to them all in an assembly in 201 A. H., letting them know in categorical terms that none of the Abbasids deserved to succeed him.

Ma'mun demanded allegiance to Imam al-Ridha’ (‘a) from the people in this very meeting and declared that in future, royal robes would be green, the color which had the unique distinction of being that of the Imam’s dress. A royal decree was published saying that Imam al-Ridha’ (‘a) shall succeed Ma'mun and that his title shall be ‘Ali al-Ridha’ min Ali-Muhammad’.

Even after the declaration of succession, when there was every opportunity for Imam al-Ridha’ (‘a) to live a splendid worldly royal life, he did not pay any heed to material comforts and devoted himself completely to impart the Islamic ideology of the Holy Qur'an and the teachings of the Holy Prophet (S). He spent most of his time praying to Allah and serving the people. Ma'mun poisoned him to death on 23rd of Dhul Qa’dah 203 A.H.

Imam Muhammad Al-Taqi (‘A)

Imam Muhammad Ibn Ali al-Ridha’ (‘a) was born at Medina on Friday, the l0th Rajab, 195 A. H. (811 A. D.). His famous title was “al-Taqi”, the pious.

Imam Muhammad al-Taqi (‘a) was brought up by his father, Imam ‘Ali al-Ridha’ (‘a) for 4 years. Under the force of circumstances, Imam ‘Ali al-Ridha’ (‘a) had to migrate from Medina to Khorasan (Iran), leaving his young son behind him.

The Imam (‘a) was fully aware of the treacherous character of the ruling king and was sure that he would return to Medina no more, So, before his departure from Medina he declared his son Muhammad al-Taqi (‘a) his successor, and imparted to him all his treasure of divine knowledge and spiritual genius.

The span of the life of Imam Muhammad al-Taqi (‘a) was shorter than that of his predecessors as well as his successors. He became Imam at the age of 8 years and was poisoned at the age of 25, yet his literary attainments were many and he commanded great respect and esteem.

The Holy Imam was the symbol of Prophet Muhammad’s (S) affability and Imam ‘Ali’s (‘a) attainments. His hereditary qualities comprised of gallantry, boldness, charity, learning, forgiveness and tolerance.

The brightest and most outstanding phases of his nature and character were to show hospitality and courtesy to all without discrimination, to help the needy, to observe equality under all circumstances, to live a simple life, to help the orphans, the poor and the homeless, to impart learning to those interested in the acquisition of knowledge and guide the people to the Right Path.

For the consolidation of his empire, it was realized by Ma’mun, the Abbasid Emperor, that it was necessary to win the sympathy and support of the Iranians who had always been friendly to the Ahl al-Bayt. Consequently, Ma’mun was forced, from a political point of view, to establish contacts with the tribe of Bani Fatima at the expense of the ties with Bani Abbas and thereby win the favour of the Shi’ah.

Accordingly, he declared Imam al-Ridha’ (‘a) as his heir even against the Imam’s will and got his sister Umm Habiba married to him. Ma’mun expected that Imam ‘Ali al-Ridha’ (‘a) would lend him his support in political affairs of the state, but when he discovered that the Imam (‘a) was little interested in political matters and that the masses were more and more submitting themselves to him due to his spiritual greatness, he got him poisoned.

Yet the exigency which directed him to nominate Imam ‘Ali al-Ridha’ (‘a) as his heir and successor still continued. Hence, he desired to marry his daughter Umm ul-Fadhl to Muhammad al-Taqi (‘a), the son of Imam ‘Ali al-Ridha’ (‘a) and with this object in view summoned the Imam from Medina to Iraq.

The Bani Abbas were extremely disconcerted when they came to know that Ma’mun was planning to marry his daughter to Imam Muhammad al-Taqi (‘a). A delegation of some leading persons waited on him in order to dissuade him from his intention. But Ma’mun continued to admire the learning and excellence of the Imam.

He would say that though Imam Muhammad al-Taqi (‘a) was still young, yet he was a true successor to his father in all his virtues and that the profoundest scholars of the Islamic world could not compete with him. When the Abbasids noticed that Ma’mun attributed the Imam’s superiority to his learning, they chose Yahya Ibn Aksam, the greatest scholar and juror of Baghdad, to contend with him.

Ma’mun issued a proclamation and organised a grand meeting for the contest which resulted in a huge gathering of people from all parts of the kingdom. Apart from nobles and high officials, there were as many as nine hundred chairs reserved for scholars and learned men only. The world wondered how a young child could contest with the veteran judge (Qazi ul-Quzat) and the greatest scholar of Iraq in religious laws.

Imam Muhammad al-Taqi (‘a) was seated beside Ma’mun on his throne face to face with Yahya Ibn Aksam, who addressed the Imam (‘a) thus: “Do you permit me to ask you a question?” “Ask me whatever you wish” said the Imam (‘a) in the typical tone of his ancestors.

Yahya then asked the Imam: “What is your verdict about a man who indulges in hunting while he is in the state of “Ihram”? (In the code of religious law, hunting is supposed to be forbidden for a pilgrim).

The Imam at once replied, “Your question is vague and misleading. You should have definitely mentioned whether he hunted within the jurisdiction of the Holy Ka’aba or outside, whether he was literate or illiterate, whether he was a slave or a free citizen, whether he was a minor or a major, whether it was for the first time or he had done it previously also whether, his victim was a bird or some other creature, whether the prey was small or big, whether he hunted in the day or at night, whether the hunter repented for his action or persisted in it, whether he hunted secretly or openly, whether the “Ihram” was for Umra or for Hajj. Unless all these points are explained, no specific answer can be given to this question.”

Qazi Yahya was staggered in listening to these words of the Imam (‘a) and the entire gathering was dumb-founded. There was no limit to Ma’mun’s pleasure. He expressed his sentiments of joy and admiration thus, “Bravo! Well done O Abu Ja’far! (Ahsanta Ahsanta ya Abu Ja’far), Your learning and attainments are beyond all praise.”

As Ma’mun wanted that the Imam’s opponent be fully exposed, he said to the Imam, “You may also put some questions to Yahya Ibn Aksam.”

Then Yahya also reluctantly said to the Imam, “Yes, you may ask me some questions. If I know the answer, I will tell it, otherwise I shall request you to give its answer.”

Thereupon the Imam asked a question to which Yahya could not reply. Eventually, the Imam answered his question.

Then Ma’mun addressed the audience thus: “Did I not say that the Imam comes of a family which has been chosen by Allah as the repository of knowledge and learning? Is there anyone in the world who can match even the children of this family?”

All of them shouted, “Undoubtedly, there is no parallel to Muhammad al-Taqi (‘a).”

At the same assembly Ma’mun wedded his daughter, Umm ul-Fadhl to the Imam and liberally distributed charity and gifts among his subjects as a mark of rejoicing. One year after his marriage, the Imam returned to Medina from Baghdad with his wife and there he set about preaching the commandments of Allah.

His wife, Ma’mun's daughter, Umm ul-Fadhl, poisoned him to death on the 29th or 30th of Dhul Qa'dah 220 A.H.

Imam ‘Ali Al-Naqi (‘A)

Imam ‘Ali Ibn Muhammad al-Taqi (‘a) was born at Surba in the environs of Medina on Friday 15th Dhul Hajjah. 212 A. H. or on 5th of Rajab 214 A.H.

Imam ‘Ali al-Naqi (‘a), like his father, was also elevated to the rank of an Imam in his childhood. He was six years old when his father Imam Muhammad al-Taqi (‘a) died. After the death of Ma’mun, Mu’tasim succeeded him, and was later followed by the Caliph Wasiq Billah. In the first five years of the reign of Wasiq, Imam ‘Ali al-Naqi (‘a) lived peacefully. After Wasiq Billah, Mutawakkil came to power. Being too occupied in state’s affairs. Mutawakkil did not get any time to harass the Imam and his followers for four years. But as soon as he freed himself from state’s affairs, he started to molest the Imam.

The Holy Imam (‘a) devoted himself to the sacred mission of preaching in Medina and thus earned the faith of the people as well as their allegiance and recognition of his great knowledge and attributes. This reputation of the Imam (‘a) evoked the jealousy and malice of Mutawakkil against him.

The Governor of Medina wrote to Mutawakkil that Imam Naqi had been maneuvering a coup against the government and a multitude of Muslims were pledged to his support. Although enraged by this news, Mutawakkil still preferred the diplomacy of not arresting the Holy Imam under the garb of pretended respect and love towards the Imam (’a). He, however, put him under life-imprisonment after inviting him to his palace. He was poisoned to death on the 3rd of Rajab 254 A.H.

Imam Hasan Al-Askari (‘A)

Imam Hasan Ibn ‘Ali al-Naqi (‘a) was born at Medina, on Monday, 8th Rabi-ul-Akhar, 232 A. H. He was popularly known as al-Askari. The Holy Imam Hasan al-Askari (‘a) spent twenty-two years of his life under the patronage of his father, the Holy Imam ‘Ali al-Naqi (‘a) after whose martyrdom he became his divinely commissioned Imam.

During his times the Abbasid rulers were entangled in political tussles. They, however, very much dreaded the existence of the rightful and divinely ordained Imam of the Holy Prophet, the Holy Imam Hasan al-Askari (‘a) and knew that the son of this Holy Imam would be the “Mahdi” or “Guide” to humanity for all times until the Day of Judgment.

So, these rulers inflicted all sorts of pains on the Imam, and hence, a larger part of his life was passed in prison and many restrictions were placed on his movements. In spite of this, he ·always discharged the duties of the Imamate with great composure and dignity.

The Holy Imam (‘a) was ever busy imparting religious knowledge and guiding people towards the straight path. History shows that the exegetes of the Holy Qur'an have often quoted the interpretation of the verses of the Holy Qur'an from Imam Askari.

Mu'tamad, the Abbasid ruler of the time, realizing that the world was ringing with the praises of the Imam became restless with jealousy, and dreading that the people would openly declare their allegiance to the. Imam, had him martyred with poison on 8th of Rabi al-Awwal 260 A.H.

Imam Muhammad Al-Mahdi (‘AJ)

There existed a good deal of harmony and uniformity between the aspects pertaining to the births of Prophet Muhammad (S), the last Apostle of God and Imam al-Mahdi (‘aj), the last Imam. Just as the coming of the Holy Prophet (S) was prophesied well in advance by the preceding prophets, similarly the impending news of the gracious birth of Imam, al-Mahdi (‘aj) was foretold by the Holy Prophet (S).

Innumerable traditions (ahadith) in this context, quoted rightly from the Holy Prophet (S), from the glowing contents of many books of Masanid, Sihah and Akhbar, and of Shia scholars, did exist. Many Sunni scholars have accumulated these traditions in complete volumes also, e. g. “Al-Bayan fi Akhbar Sahib al-Zaman” by Hafiz Muhammad Ibn Yusuf Shafe’i and “Sihah Abu Daud”and “Sunan Ibn Maja”. All the above books record the traditions bearing evidence of the coming of this Holy Imam26.

The Imam was born in Samarra, on 15th of Sha'ban, 25 5 A.H. The momentous and singular aspect of his birth greatly resembled those under which the Prophet Moses (‘a) was born. The birth of Moses (‘a) had signaled the downfall and extinction of the empire of Pharaoh, who had ordered the slaying of all the newly born male children of Bani Israel. The Abbasid kings were similarly apprehensive of the continuous traditions of the Holy Prophet (S) about the birth of Imam Mahdi (‘aj), who was to bring about a curse to their (Abbasid) very empire.

They were, therefore, lying in ambush to discover the birth of the Imam and so put an end to his life. But the event of the Imam’s birth was enveloped and shielded by the same Divine protection and miraculous phenomenon which had marked the historical birth of Prophet Moses (‘a). His birth remained strictly confidential and his nursery shrouded in secrecy except to a few devotees.

When the mother of the Imam (‘aj) was brought before Mu'tamad and inquiries made about the birth of the twelfth. Imam (‘aj), she, in order to safeguard her own life as well as to protect her son, replied that she had never felt the symptoms of maternity and spasms. So, in that moment, he did not harass her, but did put her under the strict surveillance of Qazi Abu Shorab, entrusting him with the task of killing any child born to her.

Soon after this incident, the Abbasid kingdom passed through a revolutionary phase which. greatly bewildered Mu'tamad. He was forced to face the invasion of Sahib al-Zanj, who raided the Hijaz and Yemen and let loose the hounds of loot and arson throughout the Abbasid kingdom, subjecting the administration of Baghdad, the capital, to utter chaos.

Mu'tamad was, therefore, naturally too occupied with warfare to pay any attention towards the mother of the Imam (‘aj), who was released after six months and questioned no further about the birth of the twelfth Holy Imam (‘aj).

Imam al-Mahdi (‘aj) was brought up by his father, Imam al-Askari (‘a), the eleventh Imam, ·who resorted to the same protective measures in rearing his child as Abu Talib had adopted in connection with safeguarding the Holy Prophet (S).

He used to take care of his child in one portion of the house for a few days and then shift him to another with a view not to disclose the exact whereabouts of the child.

While Imam al-Askari (‘a) kept the birth of the child and the affairs of his infancy a well-guarded secret, he did put him within access to. some exclusive devotees and sincere friends in order to familiarize them with their would-be Imam to whom they would pledge their allegiance.

Mentioned below are the names, quoted from the authentic books of both Sunni d Shi'ah of a few persons who had the honour. of having personally seen Imam al-Mahdi (‘aj).

When Imam al-Askari's·son was born, he. named him Muhammad and on the third day after his birth, showing him to some of his followers, declared thus:

“Here is my successor and your would-be Imam! He is the very Qa’im to whose reverence your heads will bow down. He will re-appear to fill the earth with blessings and justice after it will have been abourding in sins and vices.”

Ali Ibn Bilal, Ahmad Ibn Hilal, Muhammad Ibn Mu 'awiyah Ibn Hakam and Hasan Ibn Ayyub Ibn Nuh mentioned that they called upoh Imam al-Askari (‘a) with a deputation of forty people. The Holy Imam (‘a) showed them his newly-born child and said:

“This is your Imam after me! All of you should unanimously submit your allegiance to him and should not allow any controversy on the subject which will lead you to peril! Mind that he will no more be visible to you.”

Imam Hasan al-Askari (‘a) died on the 8th Rabi-ul-Awwal, 260 A. H. and the day marked the inception of his son’s Imamate being the source of spiritual, guidance for the whole universe. As according to Allah's Will, all the affairs pertaining to the Holy Imam (‘aj) were to remain strictly behind the curtain, he commissioned some of his deputies and ambassadors, who had been looking after the religious affairs from the time of his father and acting as the associates between the people and the occult Imam.

They conveyed the problems and religious queries of the people to the Imam and brought back his answers to the people. It was by the Divine Will that he disappeared, and shall reappear by the Will of Allah. This will be a prelude to the Day of Judgement.

During the period of the Ghaybah, occultation, it is our duty to be expecting the appearance of the Imam (‘aj). We must devise a sound and judicious system of social development based on the Holy Qur'an and present it to the world. We must prove the excellence and efficacy of Divine laws to the people and attract their attention to the Divine system.

We must fight superstitions and false beliefs and pave the way for the establishment of Islamic world government in the light of the teachings of the Holy Qur'an and traditions of the Holy Prophet. We must chalk out a programme for solving the world problems and put it at the disposal of world reformers. We must enlighten the thoughts of the people of the world and, at the same time, prepare ourselves for the appearance of the Imam and the emergence of a just world government.27

The Followers Of The Progeny Of The Holy Prophet (S)

Those who believe that Imam Ali Ibn Abi Talib (‘a) was the immediate successor of the Holy Prophet (S), are called Shi'ah of Ali28. The Shi'ah of Ali are, in fact, the Shi'ah of the Prophet (S), for the Ahl al-Bayt (‘a) followed the line of the Prophet (S) and did not say anything except that which the Prophet (S) had said. They remained faithful to the mission of the Prophet (S) throughout their lives. They were busy for more than 250 years in protecting the Divine message and called upon the Muslims to do the same. They considered that the Holy Qur'an and the Prophet (S) were the only authorities to be followed. The Shi'ah regard Imam Ali (‘s) and his eleven infallible descendants as Imams and follow them. The true Shi'ah is. he who follows the examples of Imams of Prophet's House.

Imam al-Baqir (‘a) said to one of his companions, Jabir bin Abdullah al-Ansari: “O Jabir! Is it enough for a person to be a Shi'ah if he claims that he is a supporter of the Ahl al-Bayt (progeny of the Prophet)? By Allah, our supporter is only he, who is pious and obeys Allah; who fasts, prays, serves his parents and helps his neighbours, the needy, the debtors and the orphans; and who is known for his truth fulness and recitation of the Holy Qur'an. He never speaks slightingly of anybody and is trusted by all. Jabir said: "O son of the Prophet! I'm not aware of anybody who possesses these qualities nowadays".

The Imam said: "Jabir! Don't be misled by various beliefs. Do you think it is enough for salvation that one professes to be the supporter of Ali without adherence to the commands of Allah? If somebody says that ' he is a supporter of the Holy Prophet, but does not follow his teachings, he will not be saved, though the Prophet was superior to Imam Ali. It is the duty of a Shi'ah to fear Allah. He 'who obeys Allah is our friend and he who disobeys Him is our enemy. None can become our friend except through piety and good deeds".

Imam al-Sadiq (‘a) also said the same thing in these words: "Be pious and devout. Be truthful, honest and polite. Behave well with your neighbours. Attract people to the Right Path through your good behaviour and good conduct. Don't bring disgrace to us through your evil deeds. Prolong your bowings and prostrations in prayer, for when a man prolongs his bowings (Ruku') and prostration (Sajdah), the Devil is annoyed and perturbed. He cries, "What a shame! These people obey Allah, whereas I disobeyed Him. They prostrate, whereas I abstained from prostration".

On another occasion, Imam al-Sadiq (‘a) said: "The disciples of Prophet Jesus were his Shi'ah, (namely followers, friends and supporters) but they were not better than our Shi'ah. They promised him their support, but did not fulfil their promise and did not fight in the way of Allah. But our Shi'ah, since the demise of the Prophet up till now, have never hesitated to support us. They have made every sacrifice for our sake. They were burnt; they were tortured; they were expelled from their homes, but they didn't give up their support to us".

What We Believe About Other Muslims

Though we differ with the Sunni on the question of Caliphate and Succession to the Holy Prophet (S), we consider all Muslims to be our brethren and co-religionists. Our God is the same, our Prophet (S) is the same, our Religion is the same, our Book is the same and our Ka’aba is the same. We consider their honor and progress to be our honor and progress, their success and victory to be our success and victory and their disgrace and defeat to be our disgrace and defeat. We share with them both happiness and grief.

In this respect we have been inspired by our great leader, Imam ‘Ali Ibn Abi Talib (‘a). If he wanted, he could defend his right to Caliphate, but in the higher interests of Islam, he, not only abstained from fighting the caliphs, but also on critical occasions rendered help to them. He never hesitated to take any action in the interest of the Muslim Ummah.

We believe that the only way how the Muslim world can live as a strong nation, regain its past glory and get rid of foreign domination is that the Muslims keep themselves away from dissension and discord, concentrate their energies on the achievement of goals and take collective steps in the way of the glory of Islam and the progress and advancement of all Muslims.

“And obey Allah and His Messenger and do not quarrel for then you will be weak in hearts and your power will depart, and be patient; surely Allah is with the patient.” (8:46).

“ And hold fast by the covenant of Allah all together and be not divided (among yourselves)…” (3:103).

1. In accordance with documents transmitted from the Household of the Prophet and extant poems composed by Abu Talib, the Shi'ah believe that Abu Talib had also embraced Islam; however, since he was the sole protector of the Prophet (S), he hid his faith from the people in order to preserve the outward power he had with Quraysh.

2. See Ibn Hisham, Sirat un-Nabi, vol. 2. pp. 147-148.

3. Al-Sawa'iq al-Muhriqah by Ibn Hajar Haythami Makki al-Shafe'i p. 25, printed al-Maymanah Egypt; Mjma'uz Zawaid by Haythami Shafe'i p. 164 printed Maktabah al-Qudsi; Tarikh Damishq by Ibn 'Asakir Shafe'i; Al-Ghadir by Allamah Amini, vol. I. pp. 26 - 27 printed Beirut; Abaqatul Anwar by Hamid Husayn vol. 12 P· 312 printed Isphahan; etc.

4. Sahih Tirmizi vol. 5, p. 328 printed Darul Fikr, Beirut; Jame' ul -Usul by Ibn Athir vol. 1, p. 187, printed Egypt: Yanabi 'ul-Mawaddah by Qandozi al-Hanafi, p. 33, 40, 226 and 355, printed Haidariyah; Kanz ul-'Ummal by Muttaqi al-Hindi vol. I, p. 154; Miftah un-Naja by Badakhshi p. 9; Musnad Ahmad Ibn Hambal, vol. 3 p. 17, 26 printed al-Maymaniyah Egypt; al-Mo'jam al-Saghir by Tabrani vol. 1, p. 131, printed Dar un-Nasr Egypt; Mustadrak by Hakim vol. 3. p. 109; al-Fathul Kabir by Nabahani vol. 1, p. 252 printed Darul Ahya' Egypt; Sahih Muslim, Kitab ul-Fazi'il, chapter Faza'il Ali Ibn Abi Talib vol. 2, p. 362 printed, Isa al-Halabi.

5. Referring to this famous Verse:
“Allah only desires to keep away the uncleanness from you, O people of the House! And to purify you a (thorough) purifying.” (33:33).

6. Sahih Muslim vol. 7, p. 130; Sahih Tirmizi vol. 12, p. 85; Musnad Ahmad Ibn Hambal vol. 4, p. 170; Musnad Tialsi vol. 8; Tafsir Tabari vol. 22, p. 5; Tafsir ibn Kathir vol. 3, p. 485; Mustadrak Hakim vol. 3, p. 158.

7. Sahih Bukhari p. 175, Egypt (1355); Sahih Tirmizi vol. 2, p. 45, Dehli (1342).

8. Sahih Muslim vol. 2, p. 191, Egypt (1348); Sunan Abi Daud vol. 2, 207 (Egypt); Musnad Ahmad bin Hambal vol. 5, p. 106, Egypt (1313); Mustadrak Hakim vol. 2, p. 618 (Hyderabad); Tafsir al-Wusul 'ala Jame'ul Usul vol. 2, p. 34 Egypt (1346); Tarikh Baghdad vol. 14, p. 353; Yanabi'ul Mawaddah p. 445 (Istanbul) Muntakhab Kanzul Ummal vol. 5, p. 312.

9. For details, please refer to the book: ‘Al-Muraja’at’ by Allamah Sharaf al-Din.

10. Nahjul Balaghah, The Peak of Eloquence.

11. Muruj uz-Zahab.

12. Sahih Tirmizi vol. 5, p. 300, printed Darul Fikr Beirut; Mustadrak Hakim vol. 3, p. 14; Fusulul Muhimmah of Ibn Sabbagh Maliki p. 21, printed al-Haidriyah.

13. Tirmizi in his Sahib vol.2, p. 299 narrates on the authority of Abdullah bin Umar Riaz by Muhibuddin Tabari vol. 2, p. 167.

14. Zakha'irul Uqba by Muhibuddin Tabari p. 58, printed in Cairo 1356 A.H.

15. Tarikh al-Baghdadi p. 321; Majma'uz Zawa'id by Haythami al-Shafe'i vol. 7, p. 235; Kanzul Ummal vol. 6, p. 157.

16. Yanabi'ul Mawadah; Fusulul Muhimmah; Musnad of AhmadI bn Hambal.

17. Murujuz Zahab.

18. Al-Mustadrak of Hakim Neshapuri; Manaqib of Khawarazmi al-Hanafi; Yanabi'ul Mawadah of Qandozi al-Hanafi etc.

19. Gibbon abridged by W. Smith p. 466.

20. See: Nahjul Balaghah, Peak of Eloquence.

21. Aa1amul Wara' chapter of Faza'ilus Sibtayn of Tabari.

22. Faza 'ilul Khamsah. Ya'la Ibn Murra narrated the following tradition from Sahih Tirmizi.

23. The whole collection is available online at: https://www.al-islam.org/sahifa-al-kamilah-al-sajjadiyya-imam-ali-zayn-a... [11]

24. See “The Faith of the Imamiyyah Shi'ah” Shaykh Muhammad Ridha al-Muzaffar, available online at: https://www.al-islam.org/faith-imamiyyah-shiah-muhammad-ridha-al-muzaffar [9]

25. Thawa’iq al-Muhriqah, p. 120.

26. See: The Awaited Saviour, online at: https://www.al-islam.org/awaited-saviour-ayatullah-sayyid-muhammad-baqir... [12]
The text refutes all the doubts and objections in connection with Imam al-Mahdi’s (‘aj) existence, his role, his early Imamate, his occultation and the circumstances in which he will reappear.

27. For more details, please refer to: “The Awaited Saviour”, op. cit. in the previous note, and to: “The Shi’a Origin And Faith (Asl Ash-Shi'ah Wa Usuluha), by 'Allamah Shaykh Muhammad Husayn Kashif Al-Ghita'.

28. See: Allama Kashif al-Ghita, The Shia Origin and Faith, ISP, 1982.

Topic Tags:

Beliefs and Doctrine [5]

Shi'a [6]

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